{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3172415217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112171","title":"Improved YOLO Network for Free-Angle Remote Sensing Target Detection","display_name":"Improved YOLO Network for Free-Angle Remote Sensing Target Detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3172415217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112171","mag":"3172415217"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13112171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112171","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2171/pdf?version=1622557618","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2171/pdf?version=1622557618","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054740535","display_name":"Yuhao Qing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5921-5774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhao Qing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100684670","display_name":"Wenyi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-5854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenyi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002061118","display_name":"Liuyan Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6038-4865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liuyan Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009683413","display_name":"Wanjia Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8187-7503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135714990","display_name":"North University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/047bp1713","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanjia Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100684670"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135714990"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":7.689,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":72,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97666389,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"11","first_page":"2171","last_page":"2171"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7482421398162842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7017256021499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.6662243604660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.62522292137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6189318299293518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5977188348770142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5796497464179993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5296494960784912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backbone-network","display_name":"Backbone network","score":0.5242719650268555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5013265609741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4743179976940155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4436790347099304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1093529760837555}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7482421398162842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7017256021499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6662243604660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.62522292137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6189318299293518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5977188348770142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5796497464179993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5296494960784912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88796919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142907","display_name":"Backbone network","level":2,"score":0.5242719650268555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5013265609741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4743179976940155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4436790347099304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1093529760837555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13112171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112171","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2171/pdf?version=1622557618","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:076ee9daa1214f019f472bc3e7e8705b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/076ee9daa1214f019f472bc3e7e8705b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 11, p 2171 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/11/2171/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 11; Pages: 2171","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13112171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112171","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2171/pdf?version=1622557618","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3172415217.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3172415217.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1483870316","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1932624639","https://openalex.org/W2001546612","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2183182206","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2241675565","https://openalex.org/W2288122362","https://openalex.org/W2412558220","https://openalex.org/W2461725797","https://openalex.org/W2512351403","https://openalex.org/W2516172563","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2577537809","https://openalex.org/W2587248218","https://openalex.org/W2588505606","https://openalex.org/W2593539516","https://openalex.org/W2594177559","https://openalex.org/W2602848121","https://openalex.org/W2613825824","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2625829240","https://openalex.org/W2747165560","https://openalex.org/W2769613401","https://openalex.org/W2779335303","https://openalex.org/W2788202095","https://openalex.org/W2789609993","https://openalex.org/W2799058067","https://openalex.org/W2800388963","https://openalex.org/W2800524086","https://openalex.org/W2889835342","https://openalex.org/W2898682679","https://openalex.org/W2899594603","https://openalex.org/W2935079508","https://openalex.org/W2950516690","https://openalex.org/W2950800384","https://openalex.org/W2953303055","https://openalex.org/W2961699889","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963849369","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2964294787","https://openalex.org/W2964979676","https://openalex.org/W2967487473","https://openalex.org/W2969393175","https://openalex.org/W2991363140","https://openalex.org/W2993501994","https://openalex.org/W2997747012","https://openalex.org/W3003295287","https://openalex.org/W3015216205","https://openalex.org/W3034440136","https://openalex.org/W3098218837","https://openalex.org/W3099008583","https://openalex.org/W3103294617","https://openalex.org/W3106228955","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3109055651","https://openalex.org/W3121842289","https://openalex.org/W3125372245","https://openalex.org/W3136761610","https://openalex.org/W3148786143","https://openalex.org/W3149022835","https://openalex.org/W3156606420","https://openalex.org/W3167976421","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6714138976","https://openalex.org/W6738492718"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3135697610","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W2894651257","https://openalex.org/W2993564273","https://openalex.org/W4286907753","https://openalex.org/W3208389169","https://openalex.org/W3134004915","https://openalex.org/W3200590620","https://openalex.org/W4200172193","https://openalex.org/W4303926741"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"significant":[1],"progress":[2],"in":[3,21],"object":[4],"detection":[5,11,40,131,142,190],"tasks,":[6],"remote":[7,154],"sensing":[8,155],"image":[9,72],"target":[10,22,141,156],"is":[12],"still":[13],"challenging":[14],"owing":[15],"to":[16,94,128,148],"complex":[17],"backgrounds,":[18],"large":[19],"differences":[20],"sizes,":[23,137],"and":[24,39,73,78,89,104,122,187,205],"uneven":[25],"distribution":[26],"of":[27,41,110,133,135,163,192],"rotating":[28],"objects.":[29],"In":[30],"this":[31],"study,":[32],"we":[33,138,166],"consider":[34],"model":[35,56],"accuracy,":[36],"inference":[37,79],"speed,":[38],"objects":[42,134,193],"at":[43,144,194],"any":[44,164,195],"angle.":[45,196],"We":[46,81,197],"also":[47],"propose":[48],"a":[49,184],"RepVGG-YOLO":[50],"network":[51,75,87,92,146],"using":[52,173],"an":[53,83],"improved":[54,84,167],"RepVGG":[55],"as":[57],"the":[58,65,70,99,130,145,160,168,179,189,210],"backbone":[59,100],"feature":[60,67,85,96,108,124,150],"extraction":[61,68,151],"network,":[62],"which":[63],"performs":[64,213],"initial":[66],"from":[69,152],"input":[71],"considers":[74],"training":[76],"accuracy":[77,132,191],"speed.":[80],"use":[82,139],"pyramid":[86],"(FPN)":[88],"path":[90],"aggregation":[91],"(PANet)":[93],"reprocess":[95],"output":[97,147],"by":[98],"network.":[101],"The":[102],"FPN":[103],"PANet":[105],"module":[106],"integrates":[107],"maps":[109],"different":[111],"layers,":[112],"combines":[113],"context":[114],"information":[115,125],"on":[116,200],"multiple":[117,120],"scales,":[118],"accumulates":[119],"features,":[121],"strengthens":[123],"extraction.":[126],"Finally,":[127],"maximize":[129],"all":[136],"four":[140],"scales":[143],"enhance":[149],"small":[153],"pixels.":[157],"To":[158],"solve":[159],"angle":[161,180],"problem":[162,182],"object,":[165],"loss":[169],"function":[170],"for":[171],"classification":[172,185],"circular":[174],"smooth":[175],"label":[176],"technology,":[177],"turning":[178],"regression":[181],"into":[183],"problem,":[186],"increasing":[188],"conducted":[198],"experiments":[199],"two":[201],"public":[202],"datasets,":[203],"DOTA":[204],"HRSC2016.":[206],"Our":[207],"results":[208],"show":[209],"proposed":[211],"method":[212],"better":[214],"than":[215],"previous":[216],"methods.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2021-06-22T00:00:00"}