{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3169419027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112169","title":"Feasibility Analyses of Real-Time Detection of Wildlife Using UAV-Derived Thermal and RGB Images","display_name":"Feasibility Analyses of Real-Time Detection of Wildlife Using UAV-Derived Thermal and RGB Images","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3169419027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112169","mag":"3169419027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13112169","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112169","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2169/pdf?version=1623050477","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2169/pdf?version=1623050477","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102720606","display_name":"Seunghyeon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4612-065X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seunghyeon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Landscape Architecture, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea","Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Landscape Architecture, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087072804","display_name":"Youngkeun Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6996-3898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youngkeun Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Landscape Architecture, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea","Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Landscape Architecture, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065718710","display_name":"Sung\u2013Ho Kil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9388-1852"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165507594","display_name":"Kangwon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mh5ph17","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sung-Ho Kil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecological Landscape Architecture Design, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecological Landscape Architecture Design, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065718710"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":6.4073,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97016376,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"11","first_page":"2169","last_page":"2169"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9822999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7750251889228821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.6459253430366516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6445708274841309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6126600503921509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sobel-operator","display_name":"Sobel operator","score":0.49578508734703064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.42125001549720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.396109014749527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.35467249155044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.34107694029808044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-detection","display_name":"Edge detection","score":0.3064524531364441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2875884175300598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08339530229568481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7750251889228821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.6459253430366516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6445708274841309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6126600503921509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30703548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757673","display_name":"Sobel operator","level":5,"score":0.49578508734703064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.42125001549720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.396109014749527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.35467249155044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34107694029808044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193536780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513153","display_name":"Edge detection","level":4,"score":0.3064524531364441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2875884175300598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08339530229568481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13112169","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112169","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2169/pdf?version=1623050477","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:91d7e3405a0a4bf7a6a621d889f4186d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/91d7e3405a0a4bf7a6a621d889f4186d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 11, p 2169 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/11/2169/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 11; Pages: 2169","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13112169","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112169","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2169/pdf?version=1623050477","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2884910486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education, India"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6963232948","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019002760001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322007","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Environment"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G723915752","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019002760001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334877","funder_display_name":"Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322007","display_name":"Ministry of Environment","ror":"https://ror.org/04xmt0833"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322010","display_name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/04xt5aa77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","display_name":"Ministry of Education, India","ror":"https://ror.org/048xjjh50"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334877","display_name":"Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/022r1q746"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169419027.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169419027.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1466152544","https://openalex.org/W1601776805","https://openalex.org/W1836844700","https://openalex.org/W1934566139","https://openalex.org/W1976863853","https://openalex.org/W1979060637","https://openalex.org/W1982512880","https://openalex.org/W1989521584","https://openalex.org/W1995440806","https://openalex.org/W2055032654","https://openalex.org/W2059003347","https://openalex.org/W2069209512","https://openalex.org/W2076860963","https://openalex.org/W2134836208","https://openalex.org/W2144812320","https://openalex.org/W2236370645","https://openalex.org/W2282346817","https://openalex.org/W2318806192","https://openalex.org/W2323722282","https://openalex.org/W2579519384","https://openalex.org/W2598225981","https://openalex.org/W2610928329","https://openalex.org/W2752508182","https://openalex.org/W2766340385","https://openalex.org/W2772489440","https://openalex.org/W2782935941","https://openalex.org/W2784716035","https://openalex.org/W2802039324","https://openalex.org/W2805186955","https://openalex.org/W2810030371","https://openalex.org/W2810392933","https://openalex.org/W2810477488","https://openalex.org/W2900099025","https://openalex.org/W2919901477","https://openalex.org/W2938180132","https://openalex.org/W2956586819","https://openalex.org/W2971417618","https://openalex.org/W2992930668","https://openalex.org/W2999980602","https://openalex.org/W3015549442","https://openalex.org/W3032975155","https://openalex.org/W3042706118","https://openalex.org/W3086495483","https://openalex.org/W3118309635","https://openalex.org/W3120006585","https://openalex.org/W3126088455","https://openalex.org/W6628591060","https://openalex.org/W7024846080"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388400392","https://openalex.org/W2383455043","https://openalex.org/W2343079405","https://openalex.org/W2269083758","https://openalex.org/W1974517722","https://openalex.org/W2367735169","https://openalex.org/W4225576506","https://openalex.org/W3134757346","https://openalex.org/W2545393398","https://openalex.org/W2378692644"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wildlife":[0],"monitoring":[1,9,25],"is":[2,170,178],"carried":[3],"out":[4],"for":[5,39,126,134,165],"diverse":[6],"reasons,":[7],"and":[8,27,74,116,162,210,231,260,271,282],"methods":[10,69,124],"have":[11,20,32,49],"gradually":[12],"advanced":[13],"through":[14,91],"technological":[15],"development.":[16],"Direct":[17],"field":[18],"investigations":[19],"been":[21],"replaced":[22],"by":[23],"remote":[24],"methods,":[26,105,140],"unmanned":[28],"aerial":[29],"vehicles":[30],"(UAVs)":[31],"recently":[33],"become":[34],"the":[35,59,130,135,138,160,173,223,226,229,234,237,256,264,275,279],"most":[36,57,98,265],"important":[37],"tool":[38],"wildlife":[40,290],"monitoring.":[41],"Many":[42],"previous":[43,99,139,245],"studies":[44],"on":[45,62,103,159,172,186],"detecting":[46],"wild":[47],"animals":[48,193],"used":[50,79],"RGB":[51,94,232],"images":[52,157,249],"acquired":[53,250],"from":[54],"UAVs,":[55],"with":[56,93,244],"of":[58,108,137,153,213,222,225,228,236,263,278,294],"analyses":[60,100],"depending":[61,158],"machine":[63],"learning\u2013deep":[64],"learning":[65],"(ML\u2013DL)":[66],"methods.":[67],"These":[68],"provide":[70],"relatively":[71],"accurate":[72,85,266],"results,":[73],"when":[75],"thermal":[76,215,230,280],"sensors":[77],"are":[78],"as":[80],"a":[81,106,144,151,195,214,301],"supplement,":[82],"even":[83],"more":[84],"detection":[86,118,128,147,203,258,261,302],"results":[87],"can":[88,181,191,305],"be":[89,218,298],"obtained":[90],"complementation":[92],"images.":[95],"However,":[96,274],"because":[97,221],"were":[101,269,287],"based":[102,171,185],"ML\u2013DL":[104,123],"lot":[107],"time":[109,204],"was":[110,207,239],"required":[111],"to":[112,289,299],"generate":[113],"training":[114,199],"data":[115],"train":[117],"models.":[119],"This":[120],"drawback":[121],"makes":[122],"unsuitable":[125],"real-time":[127,145],"in":[129,194,242],"field.":[131],"To":[132],"compensate":[133],"disadvantages":[136],"this":[141],"paper":[142],"proposes":[143],"animal":[146],"method":[148,169,190,238,303],"that":[149,304],"generates":[150],"total":[152],"six":[154],"applicable":[155],"input":[156,267],"context":[161],"uses":[163],"them":[164],"detection.":[166,291],"The":[167,189,201,292],"proposed":[168],"Sobel":[174],"edge":[175],"algorithm,":[176],"which":[177],"simple":[179],"but":[180],"detect":[182,192],"edges":[183],"quickly":[184],"change":[187],"values.":[188],"single":[196],"image":[197,206,268],"without":[198],"data.":[200],"fastest":[202],"per":[205],"0.033":[208],"s,":[209],"all":[211],"frames":[212],"video":[216],"could":[217],"analyzed.":[219],"Furthermore,":[220],"synchronization":[224],"properties":[227],"images,":[233],"performance":[235],"above":[240],"average":[241],"comparison":[243],"studies.":[246],"With":[247],"target":[248],"at":[251],"heights":[252],"below":[253],"100":[254],"m,":[255],"maximum":[257],"precision":[259],"recall":[262],"0.804":[270],"0.699,":[272],"respectively.":[273],"low":[276],"resolution":[277],"sensor":[281],"its":[283],"shooting":[284],"height":[285],"limitation":[286],"hindrances":[288],"aim":[293],"future":[295],"research":[296],"will":[297],"develop":[300],"improve":[306],"these":[307],"shortcomings.":[308]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2021-06-22T00:00:00"}
