{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3170605318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112164","title":"Track Prediction for HF Radar Vessels Submerged in Strong Clutter Based on MSCNN Fusion with GRU-AM and AR Model","display_name":"Track Prediction for HF Radar Vessels Submerged in Strong Clutter Based on MSCNN Fusion with GRU-AM and AR Model","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3170605318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112164","mag":"3170605318"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13112164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112164","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2164/pdf?version=1623134915","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2164/pdf?version=1623134915","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100450760","display_name":"Ling Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1124-3545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052651640","display_name":"Jingzhi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5672-8349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingzhi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035002403","display_name":"Jiong Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6302-884X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiong Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100731724","display_name":"Q. M. Jonathan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5208-7975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Q. M. Jonathan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B3P4, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B3P4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068097497","display_name":"Gangsheng Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gangsheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068097497"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.1641,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93967771,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"11","first_page":"2164","last_page":"2164"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.785284161567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7305240631103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.613845944404602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.6130725145339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.529204249382019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5149244070053101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoregressive-model","display_name":"Autoregressive model","score":0.48234814405441284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.39158883690834045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.37851542234420776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32810232043266296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2484205961227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17484518885612488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08865144848823547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.785284161567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7305240631103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.613845944404602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.6130725145339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.529204249382019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5149244070053101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.48234814405441284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.39158883690834045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37851542234420776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32810232043266296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2484205961227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17484518885612488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08865144848823547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13112164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112164","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2164/pdf?version=1623134915","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3f05ed0b4d3f430bbb432d235cccce80","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3f05ed0b4d3f430bbb432d235cccce80","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 11, p 2164 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/11/2164/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 11; Pages: 2164","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13112164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112164","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2164/pdf?version=1623134915","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5468851123","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 51979256","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8108228428","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFC1405202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3170605318.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3170605318.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603429789","https://openalex.org/W1815076433","https://openalex.org/W1902237438","https://openalex.org/W2018065034","https://openalex.org/W2022603014","https://openalex.org/W2052060715","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2105912452","https://openalex.org/W2115143533","https://openalex.org/W2133948807","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2342107842","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2604847698","https://openalex.org/W2755146079","https://openalex.org/W2795106161","https://openalex.org/W2902297500","https://openalex.org/W2930982401","https://openalex.org/W2966812659","https://openalex.org/W2998782644","https://openalex.org/W2998978620","https://openalex.org/W3015961574","https://openalex.org/W3016572876","https://openalex.org/W3025508892","https://openalex.org/W3026926950","https://openalex.org/W3048072297","https://openalex.org/W3084233918","https://openalex.org/W3088969403","https://openalex.org/W3094568574","https://openalex.org/W3102259344","https://openalex.org/W3122136659","https://openalex.org/W3127830124","https://openalex.org/W3206682408","https://openalex.org/W6676032533"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130674020","https://openalex.org/W2093748878","https://openalex.org/W2333771223","https://openalex.org/W2120056845","https://openalex.org/W2115214301","https://openalex.org/W1981531423","https://openalex.org/W2070318884","https://openalex.org/W1679012645","https://openalex.org/W2011939812","https://openalex.org/W1977371217"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High-frequency":[0],"(HF)":[1],"surface-wave":[2],"radar":[3,28,119,226,305],"has":[4],"a":[5,48,58,85,93,102,211],"wide":[6],"range":[7],"of":[8,26,41,60,65,213,223,284],"applications":[9],"in":[10,132,287,300,308],"marine":[11],"monitoring":[12],"due":[13],"to":[14,150,159,167,209,254,263],"its":[15],"long-distance,":[16],"wide-area,":[17],"and":[18,36,55,97,101,112,134,189,215,238,245],"all-weather":[19],"detection":[20,25],"ability.":[21],"However,":[22],"the":[23,39,50,63,117,123,140,152,156,168,171,178,181,192,199,203,207,224,229,247,255,260,265,276,282,295],"accurate":[24],"HF":[27,79,118,225,304],"vessels":[29,42,285,306],"is":[30,120,137,148,195,233],"severely":[31],"restricted":[32],"by":[33,45,116,197,236,259,269],"strong":[34,66],"clutter":[35],"interference,":[37],"causing":[38],"echo":[40],"completely":[43],"submerged":[44],"clutter.":[46,288,309],"As":[47],"result,":[49],"target":[51],"cannot":[52],"be":[53],"detected":[54],"tracked":[56],"for":[57,303],"period":[59],"time":[61,153],"under":[62],"influence":[64],"clutter,":[67],"which":[68,176],"causes":[69],"broken":[70,230],"trajectories.":[71],"To":[72,219],"solve":[73],"this":[74],"problem,":[75],"we":[76],"propose":[77],"an":[78,105],"radar-vessel":[80],"trajectory-prediction":[81],"method":[82,262,278,297],"based":[83],"on":[84,139,187],"multi-scale":[86,142],"convolutional":[87,124],"neural":[88,125],"network":[89,126,179],"(MSCNN)":[90],"that":[91,275],"combines":[92],"gated":[94],"recurrent":[95],"unit":[96],"attention":[98,173],"mechanism":[99,174],"(GRU-AM)":[100],"fusion":[103,136],"with":[104,128,155,202,291],"autoregressive":[106],"(AR)":[107],"model.":[108],"The":[109,144,184],"vessel\u2019s":[110],"latitude":[111,188],"longitude":[113,190],"information":[114,186],"obtained":[115],"sent":[121],"into":[122],"(CNN)":[127],"different":[129],"window":[130],"lengths":[131],"parallel,":[133],"feature":[135],"performed":[138],"extracted":[141],"features.":[143],"deep":[145],"GRU":[146,157],"model":[147,201],"built":[149],"learn":[151,180],"series":[154],"structure":[158],"preserve":[160],"historical":[161],"information.":[162,183],"Different":[163],"weights":[164],"are":[165,251],"given":[166],"features":[169],"using":[170,241],"temporal":[172],"(AM),":[175],"helps":[177],"key":[182],"linear":[185,214],"at":[191],"current":[193],"timestep":[194],"forecast":[196,281],"combining":[198],"AR":[200],"trajectory":[204,231,268],"output":[205],"from":[206,243],"AM":[208],"achieve":[210],"combination":[212],"nonlinear":[216],"prediction":[217,232],"models.":[218],"make":[220],"full":[221],"use":[222],"tracking":[227],"information,":[228],"carried":[234],"out":[235],"forward":[237],"backward":[239],"computation":[240],"data":[242],"before":[244],"after":[246],"fracture,":[248],"respectively.":[249],"Weights":[250],"then":[252],"assigned":[253],"two":[256],"predicted":[257],"results":[258],"entropy-value":[261],"obtain":[264],"final":[266],"ship":[267],"weighted":[270],"summation.":[271],"Field":[272],"experiments":[273],"show":[274],"proposed":[277],"can":[279],"accurately":[280],"trajectories":[283],"concealed":[286,307],"In":[289],"comparison":[290],"other":[292],"mainstream":[293],"methods,":[294],"new":[296],"performs":[298],"better":[299],"estimation":[301],"accuracy":[302]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2021-06-22T00:00:00"}
