{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3168907030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112077","title":"Deep Learning for Detection of Visible Land Boundaries from UAV Imagery","display_name":"Deep Learning for Detection of Visible Land Boundaries from UAV Imagery","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3168907030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112077","mag":"3168907030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13112077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112077","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2077/pdf?version=1622706916","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2077/pdf?version=1622706916","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001591585","display_name":"Bujar Fetai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6775-817X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091918","display_name":"Geodetic Institute of Slovenia","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5tf47","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091918"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bujar Fetai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova Cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6775-817X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova Cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091918","https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003769980","display_name":"Matej Ra\u010di\u010d","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5029-2812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091918","display_name":"Geodetic Institute of Slovenia","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5tf47","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091918"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matej Ra\u010di\u010d","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova Cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova Cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091918","https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073045046","display_name":"Anka Lisec","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6119-3390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091918","display_name":"Geodetic Institute of Slovenia","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5tf47","country_code":"SI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091918"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anka Lisec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova Cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6119-3390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova Cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091918","https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001591585"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015","https://openalex.org/I4210091918"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.2431,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75098784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"11","first_page":"2077","last_page":"2077"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12983","display_name":"Satellite Image Processing and Photogrammetry","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.70157390832901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3454163670539856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33667683601379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3255021274089813}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.70157390832901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3454163670539856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33667683601379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3255021274089813}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13112077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112077","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2077/pdf?version=1622706916","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repozitorij.uni-lj.si:IzpisGradiva.php?id=127288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=127288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196268","display_name":"Repository of the University of Ljubljana (University of Ljubljana)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","host_organization_name":"University of Ljubljana","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote sensing, vol. 13, no. 11, 2077, 2021.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1ebd0adefab040f38ac4352c8ccdb718","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1ebd0adefab040f38ac4352c8ccdb718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 11, p 2077 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/11/2077/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112077","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 11; Pages: 2077","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13112077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112077","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2077/pdf?version=1622706916","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2409795907","display_name":"Earth observation and geoinformatics","funder_award_id":"P2-0406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","ror":"https://ror.org/059bp8k51"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3168907030.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3168907030.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1998943389","https://openalex.org/W2014376345","https://openalex.org/W2110158442","https://openalex.org/W2120035279","https://openalex.org/W2166112186","https://openalex.org/W2512695020","https://openalex.org/W2563005026","https://openalex.org/W2590095287","https://openalex.org/W2617584168","https://openalex.org/W2746153425","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2765226977","https://openalex.org/W2770127339","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2887505374","https://openalex.org/W2940726923","https://openalex.org/W2953798723","https://openalex.org/W2955477134","https://openalex.org/W2955988206","https://openalex.org/W2963998131","https://openalex.org/W2971419816","https://openalex.org/W2981400283","https://openalex.org/W2986088145","https://openalex.org/W3000764263","https://openalex.org/W3007268491","https://openalex.org/W3025050498","https://openalex.org/W3030727831","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3095887927","https://openalex.org/W3099878876","https://openalex.org/W3126858383","https://openalex.org/W6684268129","https://openalex.org/W6765492952"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2324615561","https://openalex.org/W2086120259","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2245170124","https://openalex.org/W2076393078","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Current":[0],"efforts":[1],"aim":[2],"to":[3,16,26,47,58,99,150,180,224,244,266,275],"accelerate":[4],"cadastral":[5,21,272,281,306],"mapping":[6,246],"through":[7],"innovative":[8],"and":[9,12,19,51,110,170,195,198,218,229,252,274,283],"automated":[10],"approaches":[11],"can":[13,184,262,301],"be":[14,185,263,294,302],"used":[15,68,90,98,264,303],"both":[17,136,265],"create":[18],"update":[20],"maps.":[22],"This":[23],"research":[24],"aims":[25],"automate":[27,276],"the":[28,49,64,69,81,101,113,124,129,151,176,205,269,277],"detection":[29,162],"of":[30,53,126,142,153,168,173,216,221,227,232,271,279],"visible":[31,259],"land":[32,260],"boundaries":[33,261,292],"from":[34,94],"unmanned":[35],"aerial":[36],"vehicle":[37],"(UAV)":[38],"imagery":[39],"using":[40,80,128],"deep":[41,55,61,87,235],"learning.":[42,62],"In":[43],"addition,":[44],"we":[45,67,89],"wanted":[46],"evaluate":[48],"advantages":[50],"disadvantages":[52],"programming-based":[54],"learning":[56,236],"compared":[57,122,223],"commercial":[59,85],"software-based":[60,86],"For":[63,84,200],"first":[65],"case,":[66],"convolutional":[70],"neural":[71],"network":[72],"U-Net,":[73],"implemented":[74],"in":[75,78,107,112,116,160],"Keras,":[76],"written":[77],"Python":[79],"TensorFlow":[82],"library.":[83],"learning,":[88],"ENVINet5.":[91],"UAV":[92],"imageries":[93],"different":[95],"areas":[96,285],"were":[97,121],"train":[100],"U-Net":[102,164,209],"model,":[103],"which":[104,156,249],"was":[105,178,207],"performed":[106],"Google":[108],"Collaboratory":[109],"tested":[111],"study":[114],"area":[115],"Odranci,":[117],"Slovenia.":[118],"The":[119,132,145,257,290],"results":[120,125,133],"with":[123,203],"ENVINet5":[127,225],"same":[130],"datasets.":[131],"showed":[134],"that":[135],"models":[137],"achieved":[138],"an":[139],"overall":[140],"accuracy":[141,147],"over":[143],"95%.":[144],"high":[146],"is":[148,157,250],"due":[149],"problem":[152],"unbalanced":[154],"classes,":[155],"usually":[158],"present":[159],"boundary":[161,193,245],"tasks.":[163],"provided":[165,210],"a":[166,171,188,214,219,230,238],"recall":[167,197,215,226],"0.35":[169],"precision":[172,220,231],"0.68":[174],"when":[175],"threshold":[177,183,206],"set":[179],"0.5.":[181],"A":[182],"viewed":[186],"as":[187,304],"tool":[189],"for":[190],"filtering":[191],"predicted":[192,258,291],"maps":[194,273,282],"balancing":[196],"precision.":[199],"equitable":[201],"comparison":[202],"ENVINet5,":[204],"increased.":[208],"more":[211,239],"balanced":[212],"results,":[213],"0.65":[217],"0.41,":[222],"0.84":[228],"0.35.":[233],"Programming-based":[234],"provides":[237],"flexible":[240],"yet":[241],"complex":[242],"approach":[243],"than":[247],"software-based,":[248],"rigid":[251],"does":[253],"not":[254],"require":[255],"programming.":[256],"speed":[267],"up":[268],"creation":[270],"revision":[278],"existing":[280],"define":[284],"where":[286],"updates":[287],"are":[288],"needed.":[289],"cannot":[293],"considered":[295],"final":[296],"at":[297],"this":[298],"stage":[299],"but":[300],"preliminary":[305],"boundaries.":[307]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-19T07:52:34.831488","created_date":"2021-06-22T00:00:00"}
