{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3164771190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112045","title":"Semi-Automatic Fractional Snow Cover Monitoring from Near-Surface Remote Sensing in Grassland","display_name":"Semi-Automatic Fractional Snow Cover Monitoring from Near-Surface Remote Sensing in Grassland","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3164771190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112045","mag":"3164771190"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13112045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112045","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2045/pdf?version=1621684309","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2045/pdf?version=1621684309","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000471412","display_name":"Ana\u00ed Capar\u00f3 Bellido","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5650-095X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24571045","display_name":"University of North Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5szx83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ana\u00ed Capar\u00f3 Bellido","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography & GISc, University of North Dakota, P.O. Box 9020, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography & GISc, University of North Dakota, P.O. Box 9020, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046630752","display_name":"Brad Rundquist","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-9792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24571045","display_name":"University of North Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5szx83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bradley C. Rundquist","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography & GISc, University of North Dakota, P.O. Box 9020, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography & GISc, University of North Dakota, P.O. Box 9020, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000471412"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.7141,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68140315,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"11","first_page":"2045","last_page":"2045"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6802960634231567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6763076782226562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow","display_name":"Snow","score":0.5184252262115479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grassland","display_name":"Grassland","score":0.5178382992744446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4767654538154602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow-cover","display_name":"Snow cover","score":0.45372840762138367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4536017179489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenology","display_name":"Phenology","score":0.4276999235153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.29070451855659485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.27261245250701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12964478135108948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11980840563774109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.07866567373275757}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6802960634231567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6763076782226562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.5184252262115479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775835988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006733","display_name":"Grassland","level":2,"score":0.5178382992744446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4767654538154602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983043445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow cover","level":3,"score":0.45372840762138367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4536017179489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51417038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272737","display_name":"Phenology","level":2,"score":0.4276999235153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29070451855659485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.27261245250701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12964478135108948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11980840563774109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.07866567373275757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13112045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112045","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2045/pdf?version=1621684309","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d81443c7d3dd426cb30ce5e72e889634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d81443c7d3dd426cb30ce5e72e889634","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 11, p 2045 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/11/2045/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13112045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112045","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/11/2045/pdf?version=1621684309","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5773903134","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G18AP00077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","funder_display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3164771190.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3164771190.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W50598575","https://openalex.org/W132340727","https://openalex.org/W189916372","https://openalex.org/W1874351550","https://openalex.org/W1927514357","https://openalex.org/W1970198095","https://openalex.org/W1990912157","https://openalex.org/W1994770753","https://openalex.org/W1995683610","https://openalex.org/W1999648241","https://openalex.org/W2022106079","https://openalex.org/W2034842680","https://openalex.org/W2049366267","https://openalex.org/W2086297592","https://openalex.org/W2096842752","https://openalex.org/W2106035260","https://openalex.org/W2106363631","https://openalex.org/W2113410727","https://openalex.org/W2114456168","https://openalex.org/W2119784475","https://openalex.org/W2124564759","https://openalex.org/W2126975094","https://openalex.org/W2127170577","https://openalex.org/W2135234591","https://openalex.org/W2140004788","https://openalex.org/W2143561049","https://openalex.org/W2145941043","https://openalex.org/W2151400105","https://openalex.org/W2155783865","https://openalex.org/W2162016744","https://openalex.org/W2251085987","https://openalex.org/W2252301886","https://openalex.org/W2301276657","https://openalex.org/W2308377084","https://openalex.org/W2332170579","https://openalex.org/W2333152046","https://openalex.org/W2467909254","https://openalex.org/W2483287765","https://openalex.org/W2523385904","https://openalex.org/W2533189962","https://openalex.org/W2623191204","https://openalex.org/W2728055083","https://openalex.org/W2742943694","https://openalex.org/W2766560450","https://openalex.org/W2794421859","https://openalex.org/W2797056670","https://openalex.org/W2799874851","https://openalex.org/W2809638594","https://openalex.org/W2809672809","https://openalex.org/W2898057761","https://openalex.org/W2899653842","https://openalex.org/W2902730476","https://openalex.org/W2907633818","https://openalex.org/W2913229523","https://openalex.org/W2917495457","https://openalex.org/W2920918567","https://openalex.org/W2946917146","https://openalex.org/W2955223260","https://openalex.org/W2967467997","https://openalex.org/W2982171921","https://openalex.org/W2982246325","https://openalex.org/W3122148045","https://openalex.org/W3123157021","https://openalex.org/W4235781284"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2377244945","https://openalex.org/W1569360120","https://openalex.org/W2373524250","https://openalex.org/W4206027277","https://openalex.org/W4393423908","https://openalex.org/W169748493","https://openalex.org/W2355295607","https://openalex.org/W2558750709","https://openalex.org/W2794501863","https://openalex.org/W3137012456"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Snow":[0,48],"cover":[1,26],"is":[2,55,75,158],"an":[3,128],"important":[4],"variable":[5],"in":[6,24,51],"both":[7],"climatological":[8],"and":[9,19,64,122],"hydrological":[10],"studies":[11],"because":[12],"of":[13,40,69,112,131,149],"its":[14],"relationship":[15],"to":[16,31,45,56,62,93,137],"environmental":[17],"energy":[18],"mass":[20],"flux.":[21],"However,":[22],"variability":[23],"snow":[25],"can":[27],"confound":[28],"satellite-based":[29,67],"efforts":[30],"monitor":[32],"vegetation":[33],"phenology.":[34],"This":[35,157],"research":[36,105],"explores":[37],"the":[38,41,66,76,113,146,150],"utility":[39],"PhenoCam":[42,97,165],"Network":[43,166],"cameras":[44],"estimate":[46,94],"Fractional":[47],"Cover":[49],"(FSC)":[50],"grassland.":[52],"The":[53,72,125],"goal":[54],"operationalize":[57],"FSC":[58,95,135],"estimates":[59],"from":[60,96],"PhenoCams":[61],"inform":[63],"improve":[65],"determination":[68],"phenological":[70],"metrics.":[71],"study":[73],"site":[74],"Oakville":[77],"Prairie":[78],"Biological":[79],"Field":[80],"Station,":[81],"located":[82],"near":[83],"Grand":[84],"Forks,":[85],"North":[86],"Dakota.":[87],"We":[88],"developed":[89],"a":[90,159],"semi-automated":[91],"process":[92],"images":[98,108,151],"through":[99],"Python":[100],"coding.":[101],"Compared":[102],"with":[103],"previous":[104],"employing":[106],"RGB":[107,115],"only,":[109],"our":[110],"use":[111],"monochrome":[114],"+":[116],"NIR":[117,169],"(near-infrared)":[118],"reduced":[119],"pixel":[120],"misclassification":[121],"increased":[123],"accuracy.":[124],"results":[126],"had":[127],"average":[129],"RMSE":[130],"less":[132],"than":[133],"8%":[134],"compared":[136],"visual":[138],"estimates.":[139],"Our":[140],"pixel-based":[141],"accuracy":[142,148],"assessment":[143],"showed":[144],"that":[145],"overall":[147],"selected":[152],"for":[153],"validation":[154],"was":[155],"92%.":[156],"promising":[160],"outcome,":[161],"although":[162],"not":[163],"every":[164],"system":[167],"has":[168],"capability.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}