{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3164389043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13101997","title":"Improved Accuracy of Riparian Zone Mapping Using Near Ground Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and Photogrammetry Method","display_name":"Improved Accuracy of Riparian Zone Mapping Using Near Ground Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and Photogrammetry Method","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3164389043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13101997","mag":"3164389043"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13101997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13101997","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/10/1997/pdf?version=1621497393","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/10/1997/pdf?version=1621497393","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073312224","display_name":"Joan Grau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2556-9936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joan Grau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055495981","display_name":"Kang Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8979-813X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46247651","display_name":"University of Manitoba","ror":"https://ror.org/02gfys938","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049296519","display_name":"Jae Ogilvie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3317-8564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jae Ogilvie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102785588","display_name":"Paul A. Arp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8179-648X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Arp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100359828","display_name":"Sheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-4103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039351","display_name":"Fredericton Research and Development Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/0539tas66","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331897569","https://openalex.org/I2802286613","https://openalex.org/I4390039351"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331897569","display_name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/051dzs374","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331897569","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton Research and Development Centre, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, NB E3B 4Z7, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton Research and Development Centre, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, NB E3B 4Z7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331897569","https://openalex.org/I4390039351"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033195153","display_name":"Bonnie Robertson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331897569","display_name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/051dzs374","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331897569","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039351","display_name":"Fredericton Research and Development Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/0539tas66","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331897569","https://openalex.org/I2802286613","https://openalex.org/I4390039351"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bonnie Robertson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton Research and Development Centre, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, NB E3B 4Z7, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton Research and Development Centre, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, NB E3B 4Z7, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331897569","https://openalex.org/I4390039351"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031854739","display_name":"Fan\u2010Rui Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6947-8868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan-Rui Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033195153"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331897569","https://openalex.org/I4390039351"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.3215,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7979334,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"10","first_page":"1997","last_page":"1997"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10577","display_name":"Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10577","display_name":"Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photogrammetry","display_name":"Photogrammetry","score":0.8079684972763062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/riparian-zone","display_name":"Riparian zone","score":0.7932139039039612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7868456840515137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.771587610244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.5716909170150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5363366007804871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-agriculture","display_name":"Precision agriculture","score":0.52695232629776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3467676639556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.19880551099777222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.1174597442150116}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117455697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190149","display_name":"Photogrammetry","level":2,"score":0.8079684972763062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13360049","display_name":"Riparian zone","level":3,"score":0.7932139039039612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7868456840515137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.771587610244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.5716909170150757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5363366007804871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.52695232629776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3467676639556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.19880551099777222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.1174597442150116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13101997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13101997","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/10/1997/pdf?version=1621497393","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3ec22cbeac5541abbeb3a0d3311bcfc1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3ec22cbeac5541abbeb3a0d3311bcfc1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 10, p 1997 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/10/1997/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13101997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 10; Pages: 1997","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13101997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13101997","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/10/1997/pdf?version=1621497393","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3164389043.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3164389043.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W225405065","https://openalex.org/W816961721","https://openalex.org/W990375532","https://openalex.org/W1496006417","https://openalex.org/W1498793884","https://openalex.org/W1928585742","https://openalex.org/W1964604850","https://openalex.org/W1973565246","https://openalex.org/W1994401596","https://openalex.org/W1997964837","https://openalex.org/W2016343721","https://openalex.org/W2021555310","https://openalex.org/W2031971812","https://openalex.org/W2034810685","https://openalex.org/W2035349498","https://openalex.org/W2038105899","https://openalex.org/W2044472622","https://openalex.org/W2047195451","https://openalex.org/W2048905139","https://openalex.org/W2052982764","https://openalex.org/W2053020576","https://openalex.org/W2067724477","https://openalex.org/W2071940610","https://openalex.org/W2087884757","https://openalex.org/W2088733802","https://openalex.org/W2094534696","https://openalex.org/W2098594210","https://openalex.org/W2101337062","https://openalex.org/W2109445997","https://openalex.org/W2110824576","https://openalex.org/W2112863519","https://openalex.org/W2128089648","https://openalex.org/W2141357656","https://openalex.org/W2142069533","https://openalex.org/W2156386141","https://openalex.org/W2168466433","https://openalex.org/W2332657756","https://openalex.org/W2334437851","https://openalex.org/W2401529287","https://openalex.org/W2404198674","https://openalex.org/W2616082155","https://openalex.org/W2617860542","https://openalex.org/W2766927973","https://openalex.org/W2789716195","https://openalex.org/W2800193433","https://openalex.org/W2826247891","https://openalex.org/W2900911548","https://openalex.org/W2907102810","https://openalex.org/W2963634451","https://openalex.org/W2970077477","https://openalex.org/W2997350454","https://openalex.org/W3027817129","https://openalex.org/W3081746366","https://openalex.org/W6623749782","https://openalex.org/W6633183797","https://openalex.org/W6667166253","https://openalex.org/W6702649040","https://openalex.org/W6713172339","https://openalex.org/W6745953956","https://openalex.org/W6757815317"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4320725409","https://openalex.org/W2014835793","https://openalex.org/W2086631307"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,39],"agriculture-dominant":[1],"watersheds,":[2],"riparian":[3,26,57,88,135,194,229],"ecosystems":[4],"provide":[5],"a":[6,68,80,101,129,183,216,220,224],"wide":[7],"array":[8],"of":[9,25,56,86,116,182],"benefits":[10],"such":[11],"as":[12,79,215],"reducing":[13],"soil":[14],"erosion,":[15],"filtering":[16],"chemical":[17],"compounds,":[18],"and":[19,49,108,113,155,204,231,238],"retaining":[20],"sediments.":[21],"Traditionally,":[22],"the":[23,54,62,72,84,87,114,133,146,159,180,188,208,213],"boundaries":[24,55,85],"zones":[27,230],"could":[28,190],"be":[29,233],"estimated":[30],"from":[31],"Digital":[32],"Elevation":[33],"Models":[34],"(DEMs)":[35],"or":[36],"field":[37],"surveys.":[38],"this":[40],"study,":[41],"we":[42],"used":[43,99,234],"an":[44,91],"Unmanned":[45],"Aerial":[46],"Vehicle":[47],"(UAV)":[48],"photogrammetry":[50,107],"method":[51,96],"to":[52,75,82],"map":[53],"zones.":[58],"We":[59,70,176],"first":[60],"obtained":[61,104,167],"3D":[63],"digital":[64],"surface":[65],"model":[66],"with":[67,100,105,132,145,151,168,197,219],"UAV.":[69],"applied":[71],"Vertical":[73],"Distance":[74],"Channel":[76],"Network":[77],"(VDTCN)":[78],"classifier":[81,217],"delineate":[83],"area":[89],"in":[90,193],"agricultural":[92,242],"watershed.":[93],"The":[94,137],"same":[95],"was":[97,149],"also":[98,177],"low-resolution":[102,165],"DEM":[103,127,148,222],"traditional":[106,164],"two":[109],"more":[110],"LiDAR-derived":[111,153],"DEMs,":[112],"results":[115],"different":[117],"methods":[118],"were":[119],"compared.":[120],"Results":[121],"indicated":[122,210],"that":[123,179,211],"higher":[124,157],"resolution":[125],"UAV-derived":[126,147,221],"achieved":[128,139],"high":[130,169],"agreement":[131],"field-measured":[134],"zone.":[136],"accuracy":[138,161],"(Kappa":[140],"Coefficient,":[141],"KC":[142],"=":[143,174],"63%)":[144],"comparable":[150],"high-resolution":[152],"DEMs":[154,166],"significantly":[156],"than":[158],"prediction":[160],"based":[162],"on":[163,187],"altitude":[170,202],"aerial":[171],"photos":[172],"(KC":[173],"25%).":[175],"found":[178],"presence":[181],"dense":[184],"herbaceous":[185],"layer":[186],"ground":[189],"cause":[191],"errors":[192],"zone":[195],"delineation":[196],"VDTCN":[198,214],"for":[199,227,235],"both":[200],"low":[201],"UAV":[203],"LiDAR":[205],"data.":[206],"Nevertheless,":[207],"study":[209],"using":[212],"combined":[218],"is":[223],"suitable":[225],"approach":[226],"mapping":[228],"can":[232],"precision":[236],"agriculture":[237],"environmental":[239],"protection":[240],"over":[241],"landscapes.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}