{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3158891123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091789","title":"Deep Learning and Phenology Enhance Large-Scale Tree Species Classification in Aerial Imagery during a Biosecurity Response","display_name":"Deep Learning and Phenology Enhance Large-Scale Tree Species Classification in Aerial Imagery during a Biosecurity Response","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3158891123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091789","mag":"3158891123"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13091789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091789","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1789/pdf?version=1620714190","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1789/pdf?version=1620714190","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079458590","display_name":"Grant D. Pearse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-2449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154136665","display_name":"Scion","ror":"https://ror.org/048r72142","country_code":"NZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154136665","https://openalex.org/I4405260297"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Grant D. Pearse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154136665"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073649293","display_name":"Michael S. Watt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6752-9134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154136665","display_name":"Scion","ror":"https://ror.org/048r72142","country_code":"NZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154136665","https://openalex.org/I4405260297"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael S. Watt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scion, 10 Kyle Street, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scion, 10 Kyle Street, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154136665"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069149641","display_name":"Julia Soewarto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8539-6929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154136665","display_name":"Scion","ror":"https://ror.org/048r72142","country_code":"NZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154136665","https://openalex.org/I4405260297"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia Soewarto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154136665"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050251932","display_name":"Yu Shyang Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7282-8980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154136665","display_name":"Scion","ror":"https://ror.org/048r72142","country_code":"NZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154136665","https://openalex.org/I4405260297"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Y. S. Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154136665"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079458590"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154136665"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.9733,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90746847,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"1789","last_page":"1789"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenology","display_name":"Phenology","score":0.7063686847686768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6340028643608093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5616851449012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.489719420671463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3844365179538727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3763844966888428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.375283807516098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3685246706008911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.22260573506355286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.20734244585037231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.13765016198158264}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51417038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272737","display_name":"Phenology","level":2,"score":0.7063686847686768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6340028643608093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5616851449012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.489719420671463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3844365179538727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3763844966888428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.375283807516098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3685246706008911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.22260573506355286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.20734244585037231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.13765016198158264}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13091789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091789","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1789/pdf?version=1620714190","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:42b8e24e83d94a1ea31fd04436aa0bc4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/42b8e24e83d94a1ea31fd04436aa0bc4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 9, p 1789 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/9/1789/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091789","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13091789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091789","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1789/pdf?version=1620714190","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.75}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2226544988","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SSIF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322784","funder_display_name":"Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7531124024","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18607","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314250","funder_display_name":"Ministry for Primary Industries"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314250","display_name":"Ministry for Primary Industries","ror":"https://ror.org/055y4y749"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321983","display_name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","ror":"https://ror.org/02jtq1b51"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322784","display_name":"Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment","ror":"https://ror.org/02jtq1b51"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158891123.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158891123.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482246527","https://openalex.org/W1497931379","https://openalex.org/W1543549616","https://openalex.org/W1967113280","https://openalex.org/W1971496828","https://openalex.org/W1984792953","https://openalex.org/W2029533554","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2057944383","https://openalex.org/W2059217921","https://openalex.org/W2059523177","https://openalex.org/W2068518078","https://openalex.org/W2087263574","https://openalex.org/W2096996101","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2109191549","https://openalex.org/W2115992612","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2131305829","https://openalex.org/W2134362865","https://openalex.org/W2138742646","https://openalex.org/W2143029155","https://openalex.org/W2150913843","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2165389229","https://openalex.org/W2165755835","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2241715985","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2319251037","https://openalex.org/W2334034597","https://openalex.org/W2405365025","https://openalex.org/W2433908152","https://openalex.org/W2475053331","https://openalex.org/W2477837322","https://openalex.org/W2515306179","https://openalex.org/W2585014453","https://openalex.org/W2736508163","https://openalex.org/W2790200367","https://openalex.org/W2791405895","https://openalex.org/W2795866616","https://openalex.org/W2797977484","https://openalex.org/W2798381792","https://openalex.org/W2883585261","https://openalex.org/W2884958991","https://openalex.org/W2886281300","https://openalex.org/W2886835193","https://openalex.org/W2900671466","https://openalex.org/W2911261286","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2921401402","https://openalex.org/W2921499963","https://openalex.org/W2946596946","https://openalex.org/W2952045193","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2979348177","https://openalex.org/W2990265654","https://openalex.org/W3007170129","https://openalex.org/W3010665853","https://openalex.org/W3097361954","https://openalex.org/W3110414814","https://openalex.org/W3120119699","https://openalex.org/W3132859298","https://openalex.org/W4399647672","https://openalex.org/W6628870089","https://openalex.org/W6629838337","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6702544726","https://openalex.org/W6753115428","https://openalex.org/W6869608176"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2373524250","https://openalex.org/W4206027277","https://openalex.org/W2388003193","https://openalex.org/W2367450255","https://openalex.org/W2243549226","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W4380075502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,137,172,234],"ability":[1],"of":[2,85,96,114,143,169,191,200,211,215,223,236,249],"deep":[3,46,86,173,202,239],"convolutional":[4],"neural":[5],"networks":[6],"(deep":[7],"learning)":[8],"to":[9,18,43,49,81,119,157],"learn":[10,91],"complex":[11],"visual":[12,94],"characteristics":[13,95],"offers":[14],"a":[15,45],"new":[16],"method":[17],"classify":[19],"tree":[20,58],"species":[21],"using":[22,123],"lower-cost":[23],"data":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26],"regional":[27],"aerial":[28,125],"RGB":[29],"imagery.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32],"study,":[33],"we":[34],"use":[35],"10":[36],"cm":[37],"resolution":[38],"imagery":[39,126,228],"and":[40,66,106,133,159,167,182,213,238,245],"4600":[41],"trees":[42,131],"develop":[44],"learning":[47,87,174,203,240],"model":[48,139,161,175,204],"identify":[50],"Metrosideros":[51],"excelsa":[52],"(p\u014dhutukawa)\u2014a":[53],"culturally":[54],"important":[55],"New":[56],"Zealand":[57],"that":[59,89,103,127],"displays":[60],"distinctive":[61,93],"red":[62],"flowers":[63],"during":[64],"summer":[65],"is":[67],"under":[68],"threat":[69],"from":[70],"the":[71,83,92,97,112,129,146,154,160,164,170,189,198,201,221,253],"invasive":[72],"pathogen":[73],"Austropuccinia":[74],"psidii":[75],"(myrtle":[76],"rust).":[77],"Our":[78],"objectives":[79],"were":[80,248],"compare":[82],"accuracy":[84,142,155,178,199,235],"models":[88,101,241],"could":[90,116],"canopies":[98],"with":[99,132,148,179,209],"tree-based":[100],"(XGBoost)":[102],"used":[104,118],"spectral":[105],"textural":[107],"metrics.":[108],"We":[109],"tested":[110],"whether":[111],"phenology":[113,150],"p\u014dhutukawa":[115],"be":[117],"enhance":[120,231],"classification":[121],"by":[122],"multitemporal":[124],"showed":[128],"same":[130],"without":[134],"widespread":[135],"flowering.":[136],"XGBoost":[138,237],"achieved":[140,176],"an":[141],"86.7%":[144],"on":[145,163],"dataset":[147],"strong":[149,196],"(flowering).":[151],"Without":[152,195],"phenology,":[153,197],"fell":[156],"79.4%":[158],"relied":[162],"blueish":[165],"hue":[166],"texture":[168],"canopies.":[171],"97.4%":[177],"96.5%":[180],"sensitivity":[181,210],"98.3%":[183],"specificity":[184,214],"when":[185],"leveraging":[186],"phenology\u2014even":[187],"though":[188],"intensity":[190],"flowering":[192],"varied":[193],"substantially.":[194],"remained":[205],"high":[206],"at":[207],"92.7%":[208],"91.2%":[212],"94.3%":[216],"despite":[217],"significant":[218],"variation":[219],"in":[220],"appearance":[222],"non-flowering":[224],"p\u014dhutukawa.":[225],"Pooling":[226],"time-series":[227],"did":[229],"not":[230],"either":[232],"approach.":[233],"were,":[242],"respectively,":[243],"83.2%":[244],"95.2%,":[246],"which":[247],"intermediate":[250],"precision":[251],"between":[252],"separate":[254],"models.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
