{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3159164673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091772","title":"Self-Matching CAM: A Novel Accurate Visual Explanation of CNNs for SAR Image Interpretation","display_name":"Self-Matching CAM: A Novel Accurate Visual Explanation of CNNs for SAR Image Interpretation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3159164673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091772","mag":"3159164673"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13091772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091772","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1772/pdf?version=1620364674","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1772/pdf?version=1620364674","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016333596","display_name":"Zhenpeng Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0383-4794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenpeng Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086558368","display_name":"Mingzhe Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7962-3344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mingzhe Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074877434","display_name":"Ljubi\u0161a Stankovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9736-9036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5936373","display_name":"University of Montenegro","ror":"https://ror.org/02drrjp49","country_code":"ME","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5936373"]}],"countries":["ME"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ljubi\u0161a Stankovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5936373"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113123085","display_name":"Hongbing Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbing Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086558368"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.7742,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94665087,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"1772","last_page":"1772"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8469420075416565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7926831245422363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.7077170610427856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6755196452140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6267343163490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6165620684623718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.49027445912361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4627312421798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44486528635025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4320465624332428}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8469420075416565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7926831245422363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.7077170610427856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6755196452140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6267343163490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6165620684623718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.49027445912361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4627312421798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44486528635025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4320465624332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13091772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091772","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1772/pdf?version=1620364674","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4c581eba0f934a4da7dbd5e6ad3c78b5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4c581eba0f934a4da7dbd5e6ad3c78b5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 9, p 1772 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/9/1772/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 9; Pages: 1772","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13091772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091772","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1772/pdf?version=1620364674","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3159164673.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3159164673.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2657631929","https://openalex.org/W2808362118","https://openalex.org/W2883279772","https://openalex.org/W2889621419","https://openalex.org/W2895134106","https://openalex.org/W2913142161","https://openalex.org/W2914218261","https://openalex.org/W2923249467","https://openalex.org/W2955400389","https://openalex.org/W2972986629","https://openalex.org/W3010219363","https://openalex.org/W3015363211","https://openalex.org/W3016795390","https://openalex.org/W3047237378","https://openalex.org/W3049341988","https://openalex.org/W3089059998","https://openalex.org/W3094792029","https://openalex.org/W3132437634","https://openalex.org/W3133598570","https://openalex.org/W3134136658","https://openalex.org/W3134640075","https://openalex.org/W3136518870","https://openalex.org/W3138211645","https://openalex.org/W3140202908","https://openalex.org/W3148165207"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W2397288865","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W2368524271","https://openalex.org/W4247116873","https://openalex.org/W2811106690","https://openalex.org/W2095030957","https://openalex.org/W2066827917","https://openalex.org/W2884201223"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"aperture":[1],"radar":[2],"(SAR)":[3],"image":[4,20,29,187],"interpretation":[5,21],"has":[6],"long":[7],"been":[8,54],"an":[9,43,79,177],"important":[10],"but":[11],"challenging":[12],"task":[13],"in":[14,115,176],"SAR":[15,19,135,160,186],"imaging":[16],"processing.":[17,41],"Generally,":[18],"comprises":[22],"complex":[23,83],"procedures":[24],"including":[25],"filtering,":[26],"feature":[27,149],"extraction,":[28],"segmentation,":[30],"and":[31,70],"target":[32,50,171],"recognition,":[33],"which":[34,111],"greatly":[35],"reduce":[36],"the":[37,90,103,158,166,170,197],"efficiency":[38,91],"of":[39,45,106,151,169,182,199],"data":[40,68,84],"In":[42,72,118],"era":[44],"deep":[46],"learning,":[47],"numerous":[48],"automatic":[49],"recognition":[51,104],"methods":[52],"have":[53],"proposed":[55,127],"based":[56],"on":[57,191],"convolutional":[58],"neural":[59],"networks":[60],"(CNNs)":[61],"due":[62],"to":[63,74,128,137,148],"their":[64],"strong":[65],"capabilities":[66],"for":[67,185],"abstraction":[69],"mining.":[71],"contrast":[73],"general":[75],"methods,":[76],"CNNs":[77],"own":[78],"end-to-end":[80],"structure":[81],"where":[82],"preprocessing":[85],"is":[86,99,109,126],"not":[87],"needed,":[88],"thus":[89],"can":[92,172],"be":[93,173],"improved":[94],"dramatically":[95],"once":[96],"a":[97,107,131,139,144,183,192],"CNN":[98,108,132,184],"well":[100,174],"trained.":[101],"However,":[102],"mechanism":[105],"unclear,":[110],"hinders":[112],"its":[113],"application":[114],"many":[116],"scenarios.":[117],"this":[119],"paper,":[120],"Self-Matching":[121,141,164,200],"class":[122],"activation":[123],"mapping":[124],"(CAM)":[125],"visualize":[129],"what":[130],"learns":[133],"from":[134],"images":[136],"make":[138],"decision.":[140],"CAM":[142],"assigns":[143],"pixel-wise":[145],"weight":[146],"matrix":[147],"maps":[150],"different":[152],"channels":[153],"by":[154],"matching":[155],"them":[156],"with":[157],"input":[159],"image.":[161],"By":[162],"using":[163],"CAM,":[165],"detailed":[167],"information":[168],"preserved":[175],"accurate":[178],"visual":[179],"explanation":[180],"heatmap":[181],"interpretation.":[188],"Numerous":[189],"experiments":[190],"benchmark":[193],"dataset":[194],"(MSTAR)":[195],"verify":[196],"validity":[198],"CAM.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-08T08:50:53.379069","created_date":"2021-05-10T00:00:00"}
