{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3158776432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091753","title":"Comparison of Target Detectors to Identify Icebergs in Quad-Polarimetric L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Data","display_name":"Comparison of Target Detectors to Identify Icebergs in Quad-Polarimetric L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Data","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3158776432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091753","mag":"3158776432"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13091753","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091753","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1753/pdf?version=1620294653","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1753/pdf?version=1620294653","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102992268","display_name":"J. E. Bailey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3532-5353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12093191","display_name":"University of Stirling","ror":"https://ror.org/045wgfr59","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Johnson Bailey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012507723","display_name":"Armando Marino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4531-3102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12093191","display_name":"University of Stirling","ror":"https://ror.org/045wgfr59","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Armando Marino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041310335","display_name":"Vahid Akbari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9621-8180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12093191","display_name":"University of Stirling","ror":"https://ror.org/045wgfr59","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vahid Akbari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102992268"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.74,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92383032,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"1753","last_page":"1753"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarimetry","display_name":"Polarimetry","score":0.8605876564979553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.748591423034668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.6324998736381531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6073150038719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iceberg","display_name":"Iceberg","score":0.5270535945892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.44395166635513306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.44365787506103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice","display_name":"Sea ice","score":0.3373446464538574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32326892018318176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2240702211856842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.16529026627540588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10543331503868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.06653976440429688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28493345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899381","display_name":"Polarimetry","level":3,"score":0.8605876564979553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.748591423034668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6324998736381531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6073150038719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12481700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47568","display_name":"Iceberg","level":3,"score":0.5270535945892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.44395166635513306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.44365787506103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.3373446464538574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32326892018318176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2240702211856842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.16529026627540588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10543331503868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.06653976440429688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13091753","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091753","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1753/pdf?version=1620294653","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fe5539a86f92407b9b8b75093a0e983d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fe5539a86f92407b9b8b75093a0e983d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 9, p 1753 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.stir.ac.uk:1893/32601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1893/32601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400268","display_name":"Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12093191","host_organization_name":"University of Stirling","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/9/1753/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 9; Pages: 1753","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13091753","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091753","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1753/pdf?version=1620294653","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158776432.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158776432.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W149481953","https://openalex.org/W185294521","https://openalex.org/W1538058927","https://openalex.org/W1966158031","https://openalex.org/W1972012957","https://openalex.org/W1979884400","https://openalex.org/W1999579516","https://openalex.org/W2010610937","https://openalex.org/W2016737927","https://openalex.org/W2021653063","https://openalex.org/W2024138258","https://openalex.org/W2027969270","https://openalex.org/W2057600133","https://openalex.org/W2072206619","https://openalex.org/W2077717067","https://openalex.org/W2078985447","https://openalex.org/W2105946414","https://openalex.org/W2133989913","https://openalex.org/W2140022209","https://openalex.org/W2150192223","https://openalex.org/W2153148066","https://openalex.org/W2154830216","https://openalex.org/W2159450937","https://openalex.org/W2174826564","https://openalex.org/W2216057030","https://openalex.org/W2269435299","https://openalex.org/W2338295169","https://openalex.org/W2411546627","https://openalex.org/W2604554702","https://openalex.org/W2774990273","https://openalex.org/W2792203669","https://openalex.org/W2925471892","https://openalex.org/W2951700401","https://openalex.org/W3011984951","https://openalex.org/W3034821215","https://openalex.org/W3038812562","https://openalex.org/W3044687664","https://openalex.org/W3083448055","https://openalex.org/W4229720597","https://openalex.org/W4254950613"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W205239035","https://openalex.org/W1988952638","https://openalex.org/W2200307848","https://openalex.org/W2594414483","https://openalex.org/W1990148839","https://openalex.org/W2161198985","https://openalex.org/W2936516501","https://openalex.org/W3214910983","https://openalex.org/W1554069705","https://openalex.org/W2469797871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Icebergs":[0],"represent":[1],"hazards":[2],"to":[3,25,28,50,56,161,228,250,279],"ships":[4],"and":[5,8,34,37,54,81,92,103,111,124,137,173,235,273,285],"maritime":[6],"activities":[7],"therefore":[9],"their":[10,26,52],"detection":[11,80,151,166,252],"is":[12,159,197,208],"essential.":[13],"Synthetic":[14],"Aperture":[15],"Radar":[16],"(SAR)":[17],"satellites":[18],"are":[19,168,213,226],"very":[20,199],"useful":[21],"for":[22,78,270,275],"this,":[23],"due":[24],"capability":[27],"acquire":[29],"data":[30],"under":[31],"cloud":[32],"cover":[33],"during":[35],"day":[36],"night":[38],"passes.":[39],"In":[40,258],"this":[41,195],"work,":[42],"we":[43,82,104,212],"compared":[44,83,96,278],"six":[45],"state-of-the-art":[46],"polarimetric":[47,120,127],"target":[48],"detectors":[49,86,98,147,181,239],"test":[51],"performance":[53,134,187],"ability":[55],"detect":[57],"small-sized":[58],"icebergs":[59,217],"<120":[60],"m":[61],"in":[62,65,135,170,175,186,215],"four":[63,69],"locations":[64],"Greenland.":[66],"We":[67,94],"used":[68],"single-look":[70],"complex":[71],"(SLC)":[72],"ALOS-2":[73],"quad-polarimetric":[74,79,146,291],"images":[75],"from":[76],"JAXA":[77],"with":[84,99,218,290],"dual-polarimetric":[85,138],"using":[87,106],"only":[88],"the":[89,118,125,131,149,154,163,203,231,245,259,262],"channels":[90,102],"HH":[91],"HV.":[93],"also":[95],"these":[97],"single-polarimetric":[100,180,238,260],"intensity":[101],"tested":[105],"two":[107],"scenarios:":[108],"open":[109,171,271],"ocean":[110,172,272],"sea":[112,176,276],"ice.":[113,177],"Our":[114],"results":[115],"show":[116,182,191],"that":[117],"multi-look":[119],"whitening":[121],"filter":[122],"(MPWF)":[123],"optimal":[126,133],"detector":[128],"(OPD)":[129],"provide":[130,148],"most":[132],"quad-":[136,234],"mode":[139],"detection.":[140],"The":[141],"analysis":[142],"shows":[143],"that,":[144],"overall,":[145],"best":[150],"performance.":[152],"When":[153],"false":[155,206],"alarm":[156],"rate":[157],"(PF)":[158],"fixed":[160,249],"10\u22125,":[162],"probabilities":[164,253],"of":[165,205,268,281],"(PD)":[167],"0.99":[169],"0.90":[174],"Dual-polarimetric":[178],"or":[179,237],"an":[183],"overall":[184],"reduction":[185],"(the":[188],"ROC":[189],"curves":[190],"a":[192,219],"decrease),":[193],"but":[194],"degradation":[196],"not":[198],"large":[200],"(<0.1)":[201],"when":[202,244],"value":[204,247],"alarms":[207],"relatively":[209],"high":[210],"(i.e.,":[211,255],"interested":[214],"bigger":[216],"brighter":[220],"backscattering":[221],">120":[222],"m,":[223],"as":[224],"they":[225],"easier":[227],"detect).":[229],"However,":[230],"differences":[232],"between":[233],"dual-":[236],"became":[240],"much":[241],"more":[242],"evident":[243],"PF":[246],"was":[248],"low":[251],"10\u22126":[254],"smaller":[256],"icebergs).":[257],"mode,":[261],"HV":[263],"channel":[264],"showed":[265],"PD":[266],"values":[267,280],"0.62":[269],"0.26":[274],"ice,":[277],"0.81":[282],"(open":[283],"ocean)":[284],"0.77":[286],"(sea":[287],"ice)":[288],"obtained":[289],"detectors.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}