{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3165630282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091734","title":"Sea Ice Classification of SAR Imagery Based on Convolution Neural Networks","display_name":"Sea Ice Classification of SAR Imagery Based on Convolution Neural Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3165630282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091734","mag":"3165630282"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13091734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091734","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1734/pdf?version=1620108126","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1734/pdf?version=1620108126","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068415563","display_name":"Salman Khaleghian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2267-8018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salman Khaleghian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044793388","display_name":"Habib Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2434-0849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Habib Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103217857","display_name":"Thomas F. Kraemer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0304-2498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Kr\u00e6mer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076612143","display_name":"Nick Hughes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3510-0656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1314042554","display_name":"Norwegian Meteorological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/001n36p86","country_code":"NO","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1314042554"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nick Hughes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Ice Service, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 6314 Langnes, NO-9293 Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Ice Service, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 6314 Langnes, NO-9293 Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1314042554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016021299","display_name":"Torbj\u00f8rn Eltoft","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1597-4364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Torbj\u00f8rn Eltoft","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083495404","display_name":"Andrea Marinoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6789-0915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","display_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Marinoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science and Technology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068415563"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":7.6166,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":86,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98340182,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"1734","last_page":"1734"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10995","display_name":"Methane Hydrates and Related Phenomena","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2304","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6568818092346191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice","display_name":"Sea ice","score":0.6223938465118408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6090578436851501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5958389043807983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.578557014465332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5069403648376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice-concentration","display_name":"Sea ice concentration","score":0.46870893239974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4253702461719513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.420652836561203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3619495630264282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic-ice-pack","display_name":"Arctic ice pack","score":0.19342473149299622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.15679749846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice-thickness","display_name":"Sea ice thickness","score":0.1431172788143158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.1100875735282898}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6568818092346191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.6223938465118408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6090578436851501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5958389043807983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.578557014465332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5069403648376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194520297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7440064","display_name":"Sea ice concentration","level":5,"score":0.46870893239974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4253702461719513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.420652836561203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3619495630264282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161798024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3651008","display_name":"Arctic ice pack","level":3,"score":0.19342473149299622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.15679749846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149767477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7440066","display_name":"Sea ice thickness","level":4,"score":0.1431172788143158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.1100875735282898}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13091734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091734","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1734/pdf?version=1620108126","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9a74355e7f4f4db3be867fb1ab67f8b6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9a74355e7f4f4db3be867fb1ab67f8b6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 9, p 1734 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/9/1734/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091734","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 9; Pages: 1734","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:munin.uit.no:10037/21716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10037/21716","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400066","display_name":"Munin Open Research Archive (The Arctic University of Norway)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","host_organization_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:munin.uit.no:10037/23550","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10037/23550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400066","display_name":"Munin Open Research Archive (The Arctic University of Norway)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78037679","host_organization_name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78037679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nmbu.brage.unit.no:11250/2832771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2832771","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13091734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091734","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1734/pdf?version=1620108126","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G320869133","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"825258","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309820","funder_display_name":"Universitetet i Troms\u00f8"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309820","display_name":"Universitetet i Troms\u00f8","ror":"https://ror.org/00wge5k78"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3165630282.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3165630282.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487583988","https://openalex.org/W1874818524","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1906889240","https://openalex.org/W1917395817","https://openalex.org/W1966580635","https://openalex.org/W1980508351","https://openalex.org/W2028238058","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2113613046","https://openalex.org/W2119175727","https://openalex.org/W2132855671","https://openalex.org/W2140253783","https://openalex.org/W2140453715","https://openalex.org/W2153289958","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2169472189","https://openalex.org/W2170560812","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2253590344","https://openalex.org/W2319040573","https://openalex.org/W2342323825","https://openalex.org/W2416266554","https://openalex.org/W2574952845","https://openalex.org/W2608569001","https://openalex.org/W2752508396","https://openalex.org/W2883803127","https://openalex.org/W2889985731","https://openalex.org/W2909944644","https://openalex.org/W2910396952","https://openalex.org/W2945471725","https://openalex.org/W2952705125","https://openalex.org/W2962037605","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964449503","https://openalex.org/W2972751055","https://openalex.org/W2973538958","https://openalex.org/W2975521505","https://openalex.org/W2982914998","https://openalex.org/W2987492501","https://openalex.org/W2997700007","https://openalex.org/W3019166713","https://openalex.org/W3022013598","https://openalex.org/W3031454572","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3037914990","https://openalex.org/W3047096992","https://openalex.org/W3099319035","https://openalex.org/W3108281332","https://openalex.org/W3125622824","https://openalex.org/W3132784030","https://openalex.org/W3147886766","https://openalex.org/W4210990339","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6766076326","https://openalex.org/W6803417825"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2118389506","https://openalex.org/W2911497689","https://openalex.org/W2952813363","https://openalex.org/W644857929","https://openalex.org/W4234822209","https://openalex.org/W1965960228","https://openalex.org/W2205500399","https://openalex.org/W1965770049","https://openalex.org/W2031457372","https://openalex.org/W2100567581"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,76,157],"explore":[1],"new":[2],"and":[3,33,56,112,165,191,203],"existing":[4],"convolutional":[5],"neural":[6],"network":[7],"(CNN)":[8],"architectures":[9],"for":[10,62,91,130],"sea":[11,28,36,43,73,84,134],"ice":[12,29,37,44,74,85,135],"classification":[13,183,210],"using":[14],"Sentinel-1":[15],"(S1)":[16],"synthetic":[17],"aperture":[18],"radar":[19,60],"(SAR)":[20],"data":[21,117,126,163],"by":[22],"investigating":[23],"two":[24],"key":[25],"challenges:":[26],"binary":[27],"versus":[30],"open-water":[31],"classification,":[32,123],"a":[34,89,104,155,168],"multi-class":[35],"type":[38,136],"classification.":[39],"The":[40,142,197],"analysis":[41],"of":[42,51,69,106,133,162,167],"in":[45,58,138],"SAR":[46,80,108,143],"images":[47,81,109,144],"is":[48],"challenging":[49],"because":[50],"the":[52,59,67,122,131,139,160,182,187],"thermal":[53],"noise":[54],"effects":[55],"ambiguities":[57],"backscatter":[61],"certain":[63],"conditions":[64],"that":[65,159,205],"include":[66],"reflection":[68],"complex":[70],"information":[71],"from":[72,110,118,178],"surfaces.":[75],"use":[77,103,125],"manually":[78],"annotated":[79],"containing":[82],"various":[83],"types":[86],"to":[87,128,186],"construct":[88],"dataset":[90],"our":[92,206],"Deep":[93],"Learning":[94],"(DL)":[95],"analysis.":[96],"To":[97],"avoid":[98],"contamination":[99],"between":[100],"classes":[101,137],"we":[102,124],"combination":[105,161],"near-simultaneous":[107],"S1":[111],"fine":[113],"resolution":[114],"cloud-free":[115],"optical":[116],"Sentinel-2":[119],"(S2).":[120],"For":[121],"augmentation":[127,164],"adjust":[129],"imbalance":[132],"training":[140,166],"data.":[141],"are":[145,151],"divided":[146],"into":[147],"small":[148],"patches":[149],"which":[150],"processed":[152],"one":[153],"at":[154],"time.":[156],"demonstrate":[158],"proposed":[169],"modified":[170],"Visual":[171],"Geometric":[172],"Group":[173],"16-layer":[174],"(VGG-16)":[175],"network,":[176],"trained":[177],"scratch,":[179],"significantly":[180],"improves":[181],"performance,":[184],"compared":[185],"original":[188],"VGG-16":[189],"model":[190],"an":[192],"ad":[193],"hoc":[194],"CNN":[195],"model.":[196],"experimental":[198],"results":[199],"show":[200],"both":[201],"qualitatively":[202],"quantitatively":[204],"models":[207],"produce":[208],"accurate":[209],"results.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2021-06-07T00:00:00"}
