{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3164731703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091662","title":"Assessment of Merged Satellite Precipitation Datasets in Monitoring Meteorological Drought over Pakistan","display_name":"Assessment of Merged Satellite Precipitation Datasets in Monitoring Meteorological Drought over Pakistan","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3164731703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091662","mag":"3164731703"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13091662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091662","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1662/pdf?version=1619335172","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1662/pdf?version=1619335172","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056314859","display_name":"Khalil Ur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8927-3467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalil Ur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047683711","display_name":"Songhao Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2971-2621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Songhao Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014131945","display_name":"Muhammad Zohaib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2061-7716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Zohaib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047683711"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.7478,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93830742,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"1662","last_page":"1662"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11186","display_name":"Hydrology and Drought Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.7636588215827942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.6998599767684937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.6853809356689453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5767619609832764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.37907105684280396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13771307468414307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.08829092979431152}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7636588215827942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.6998599767684937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.6853809356689453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5767619609832764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.37907105684280396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13771307468414307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.08829092979431152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13091662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091662","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1662/pdf?version=1619335172","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:294adbb3d01c4f1f87ab2ce8b9574c38","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/294adbb3d01c4f1f87ab2ce8b9574c38","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 9, p 1662 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/9/1662/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091662","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 9; Pages: 1662","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13091662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091662","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/9/1662/pdf?version=1619335172","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1377829498","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51779119 and 51839006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G226693282","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51839006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2560648409","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"and 51","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4277897107","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51779119","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3164731703.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3164731703.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":99,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W77979141","https://openalex.org/W129995342","https://openalex.org/W917426581","https://openalex.org/W1002716595","https://openalex.org/W1576527543","https://openalex.org/W1608957158","https://openalex.org/W1672537596","https://openalex.org/W1821153150","https://openalex.org/W1899665375","https://openalex.org/W1974965531","https://openalex.org/W1988529336","https://openalex.org/W1995622703","https://openalex.org/W1997830602","https://openalex.org/W2012454108","https://openalex.org/W2015522309","https://openalex.org/W2015833712","https://openalex.org/W2018764772","https://openalex.org/W2036133701","https://openalex.org/W2036928880","https://openalex.org/W2044987862","https://openalex.org/W2045367173","https://openalex.org/W2047519066","https://openalex.org/W2062462813","https://openalex.org/W2073298425","https://openalex.org/W2074338125","https://openalex.org/W2081491062","https://openalex.org/W2091537005","https://openalex.org/W2101394945","https://openalex.org/W2107502191","https://openalex.org/W2108886061","https://openalex.org/W2114643713","https://openalex.org/W2119803205","https://openalex.org/W2120321707","https://openalex.org/W2121745948","https://openalex.org/W2141777143","https://openalex.org/W2153179024","https://openalex.org/W2158535548","https://openalex.org/W2169245074","https://openalex.org/W2170280355","https://openalex.org/W2191985424","https://openalex.org/W2306941978","https://openalex.org/W2318680928","https://openalex.org/W2345653556","https://openalex.org/W2475600377","https://openalex.org/W2520203883","https://openalex.org/W2556273848","https://openalex.org/W2561523464","https://openalex.org/W2578002241","https://openalex.org/W2607398939","https://openalex.org/W2622468201","https://openalex.org/W2631656067","https://openalex.org/W2689045665","https://openalex.org/W2756918146","https://openalex.org/W2766381676","https://openalex.org/W2767190041","https://openalex.org/W2768091302","https://openalex.org/W2769852091","https://openalex.org/W2769879303","https://openalex.org/W2771635983","https://openalex.org/W2775321046","https://openalex.org/W2791629014","https://openalex.org/W2794348374","https://openalex.org/W2804488477","https://openalex.org/W2804541749","https://openalex.org/W2806127995","https://openalex.org/W2888553091","https://openalex.org/W2888603611","https://openalex.org/W2890294023","https://openalex.org/W2890874600","https://openalex.org/W2899762099","https://openalex.org/W2901185741","https://openalex.org/W2910618474","https://openalex.org/W2941379742","https://openalex.org/W2966298323","https://openalex.org/W2970829862","https://openalex.org/W2972371821","https://openalex.org/W2975295472","https://openalex.org/W2981730281","https://openalex.org/W2985698636","https://openalex.org/W2990311200","https://openalex.org/W2994680372","https://openalex.org/W2996758938","https://openalex.org/W2998613556","https://openalex.org/W3005197680","https://openalex.org/W3011216618","https://openalex.org/W3013421467","https://openalex.org/W3014572575","https://openalex.org/W3019208812","https://openalex.org/W3019589135","https://openalex.org/W3023182875","https://openalex.org/W3040949289","https://openalex.org/W3043953499","https://openalex.org/W3110688709","https://openalex.org/W3111641050","https://openalex.org/W3113256131","https://openalex.org/W3119095696","https://openalex.org/W3123129644","https://openalex.org/W4246274818","https://openalex.org/W6699926439"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2364982659","https://openalex.org/W2999352024","https://openalex.org/W2035969729","https://openalex.org/W2350173077","https://openalex.org/W2487722720","https://openalex.org/W2358981970","https://openalex.org/W2377189769","https://openalex.org/W2354666346"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,132,170],"current":[1,33],"study":[2,34,277],"evaluates":[3],"the":[4,32,61,116,140,205,286],"potential":[5],"of":[6,63,118,142,149,159,173,282],"merged":[7],"satellite":[8,17],"precipitation":[9,18,104],"datasets":[10,19],"(MSPDs)":[11],"against":[12,165],"rain":[13],"gauges":[14],"(RGs)":[15],"and":[16,53,98,110,121,178,241],"(SPDs)":[20],"in":[21,31,180,191,199,214,255,284],"monitoring":[22,285],"meteorological":[23,143,287],"drought":[24,144,183,198,206,213,264],"over":[25],"Pakistan":[26,124,150],"during":[27],"2000\u20132015.":[28],"MSPDs":[29,122,160,260,283],"evaluated":[30],"include":[35],"Regional":[36],"Weighted":[37,42],"Average":[38,43],"Least":[39,44],"Square":[40,45],"(RWALS),":[41],"(WALS),":[46],"Dynamic":[47,54],"Clustered":[48],"Bayesian":[49,55],"model":[50],"Averaging":[51,57],"(DCBA),":[52],"Model":[56],"(DBMA)":[58],"algorithms,":[59],"while":[60,194,243,270],"set":[62],"SPDs":[64,162,179,271],"is":[65,136],"Global":[66],"Precipitation":[67,82,87],"Measurement":[68,78],"(GPM)-based":[69],"Integrated":[70],"Multi-Satellite":[71,81],"Retrievals":[72],"for":[73,167,231,239,253],"GPM":[74],"(IMERG-V06),":[75],"Tropical":[76],"Rainfall":[77],"Mission":[79],"(TRMM)":[80],"Analysis":[83],"(TMPA":[84],"3B42":[85],"V7),":[86],"Estimation":[88],"from":[89,175,209],"Remotely":[90],"Sensed":[91],"Information":[92],"using":[93,151],"Artificial":[94],"Neural":[95],"Networks":[96],"(PERSIANN),":[97],"ERA-Interim":[99],"(re-analyses":[100],"dataset).":[101],"Several":[102],"standardized":[103],"indices":[105],"(SPIs),":[106],"including":[107],"SPI-1,":[108],"SPI-3,":[109],"SPI-12,":[111],"are":[112],"used":[113,137],"to":[114,138,188,196,211,245],"evaluate":[115],"performances":[117],"RGs,":[119,176,269],"SPDs,":[120],"across":[123,145,202,217],"as":[125,127,266],"well":[126],"on":[128],"a":[129,181,262],"regional":[130],"scale.":[131],"Mann\u2013Kendall":[133],"(MK)":[134],"test":[135],"assess":[139],"trend":[141,265],"different":[146,215,218,256],"climate":[147,219,257],"regions":[148],"these":[152],"SPI":[153,168],"indices.":[154],"Results":[155],"revealed":[156,186],"higher":[157],"performance":[158,281],"than":[161],"when":[163],"compared":[164,267],"RGs":[166],"estimates.":[169],"seasonal":[171],"evaluation":[172],"SPIs":[174],"MSPDs,":[177],"representative":[182],"year":[184],"(2008)":[185],"mildly":[187],"moderate":[189,197],"wetness":[190],"monsoon":[192],"season":[193,201],"mild":[195,210],"winter":[200],"Pakistan.":[203],"However,":[204],"severity":[207],"ranges":[208],"severe":[212],"years":[216],"regions.":[220,258],"MAPD":[221,237,250],"(mean":[222],"absolute":[223],"percentage":[224],"difference)":[225],"shows":[226],"high":[227],"accuracy":[228,234,247],"(MAPD":[229],"&lt;10%)":[230],"RWALS-MSPD,":[232],"good":[233,244],"(10%":[235],"&lt;":[236,249,251],"&lt;20%)":[238],"WALS-MSPD":[240],"DCBA-MSPD,":[242],"reasonable":[246],"(20%":[248],"50%)":[252],"DCBA":[254],"Furthermore,":[259],"show":[261,272],"consistent":[263],"with":[268],"poor":[273],"performance.":[274],"Overall,":[275],"this":[276],"demonstrated":[278],"significantly":[279],"improved":[280],"drought.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
