{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3154061261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13081548","title":"Joint Ship Detection Based on Time-Frequency Domain and CFAR Methods with HF Radar","display_name":"Joint Ship Detection Based on Time-Frequency Domain and CFAR Methods with HF Radar","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3154061261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13081548","mag":"3154061261"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13081548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13081548","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/8/1548/pdf?version=1618576946","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/8/1548/pdf?version=1618576946","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112631657","display_name":"Zhiqing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9016-4006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109127424","display_name":"Jianjiang Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146364","display_name":"National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center","ror":"https://ror.org/047hznt06","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210146364"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianjiang Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Sea Forecast Center, State Oceanic Administration, Shanghai 200136, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Sea Forecast Center, State Oceanic Administration, Shanghai 200136, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087239998","display_name":"Hao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3680-5903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101543413","display_name":"Xinjun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9410-9880"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinjun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Hailanruihai Ocean Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan 430223, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Hailanruihai Ocean Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan 430223, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090012410","display_name":"Yingwei Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3450-3688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingwei Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060409102","display_name":"Biyang Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-4664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biyang Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087239998"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":5.1,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94478727,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"8","first_page":"1548","last_page":"1548"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.8077569007873535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6707077026367188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.4744373857975006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.44238242506980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-power","display_name":"Statistical power","score":0.4259521961212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4021573066711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37971392273902893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34157973527908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.32497116923332214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18828052282333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1848074495792389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1800847053527832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11519956588745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1021328866481781}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.8077569007873535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6707077026367188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.4744373857975006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.44238242506980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96608239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199823","display_name":"Statistical power","level":2,"score":0.4259521961212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4021573066711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37971392273902893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34157973527908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.32497116923332214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18828052282333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1848074495792389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1800847053527832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11519956588745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1021328866481781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13081548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13081548","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/8/1548/pdf?version=1618576946","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:66a4b39820874eb796a839cc83a0ad10","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/66a4b39820874eb796a839cc83a0ad10","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 8, p 1548 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/8/1548/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081548","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13081548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13081548","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/8/1548/pdf?version=1618576946","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4520068988","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61371198","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3154061261.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3154061261.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507647874","https://openalex.org/W1965465437","https://openalex.org/W1970918738","https://openalex.org/W1980721798","https://openalex.org/W1991236501","https://openalex.org/W2003830204","https://openalex.org/W2008908719","https://openalex.org/W2022625390","https://openalex.org/W2026574307","https://openalex.org/W2029462420","https://openalex.org/W2030498845","https://openalex.org/W2036486974","https://openalex.org/W2037430122","https://openalex.org/W2043279667","https://openalex.org/W2061441140","https://openalex.org/W2090218979","https://openalex.org/W2091249078","https://openalex.org/W2102397663","https://openalex.org/W2105008441","https://openalex.org/W2114810571","https://openalex.org/W2117220568","https://openalex.org/W2126725991","https://openalex.org/W2153493073","https://openalex.org/W2158706430","https://openalex.org/W2172202888","https://openalex.org/W2532584573","https://openalex.org/W2582607838","https://openalex.org/W2595279138","https://openalex.org/W2731501872","https://openalex.org/W2744992965","https://openalex.org/W2747955715","https://openalex.org/W2754962589","https://openalex.org/W2760007268","https://openalex.org/W2770886522","https://openalex.org/W2790399337","https://openalex.org/W2794222127","https://openalex.org/W2884174529","https://openalex.org/W2943589224","https://openalex.org/W3003190159","https://openalex.org/W3019684274","https://openalex.org/W3099529305","https://openalex.org/W3150361455"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2388326001","https://openalex.org/W2998914036","https://openalex.org/W2390565185","https://openalex.org/W2971420665","https://openalex.org/W2981753778","https://openalex.org/W4297999093","https://openalex.org/W2907950753","https://openalex.org/W2140552290","https://openalex.org/W3211941961","https://openalex.org/W2161454750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Compact":[0],"high-frequency":[1],"surface":[2],"wave":[3],"radar":[4],"(HFSWR)":[5],"plays":[6],"a":[7,32,40,75,89],"critical":[8],"role":[9],"in":[10,55,141,158,201],"ship":[11,117],"surveillance.":[12],"Due":[13],"to":[14,67,80],"the":[15,50,59,72,83,93,96,103,116,135,150,166,169,187,199,202,211,226,246],"wide":[16],"antenna":[17],"beam-width":[18],"and":[19,49,74,107,144,147,175,192,221,229,244],"low":[20,33,240],"spatial":[21],"gain,":[22],"traditional":[23],"constant":[24],"false":[25],"alarm":[26],"rate":[27],"(CFAR)":[28],"detectors":[29],"often":[30],"induce":[31],"detection":[34,42,64,171,204,218,227,232],"probability.":[35],"To":[36,91],"solve":[37],"this":[38,56],"problem,":[39],"joint":[41,136,217],"algorithm":[43],"based":[44],"on":[45],"time-frequency":[46],"(TF)":[47],"analysis":[48],"CFAR":[51,63,140,155,176,191,222],"method":[52,138],"is":[53,65,78,87],"proposed":[54,97],"paper.":[57],"After":[58],"TF":[60,85],"ridge":[61,86],"extraction,":[62],"performed":[66],"test":[68],"each":[69],"sample":[70],"of":[71,88,95,168,186,194,213],"ridges,":[73],"binary":[76],"integration":[77],"run":[79],"determine":[81],"whether":[82],"entire":[84],"ship.":[90],"verify":[92],"effectiveness":[94],"algorithm,":[98],"experimental":[99],"data":[100],"collected":[101],"by":[102,173,190,196],"Ocean":[104],"State":[105],"Monitoring":[106],"Analyzing":[108],"Radar,":[109],"type":[110],"SD":[111],"(OSMAR-SD)":[112],"were":[113],"used,":[114],"with":[115,162,219],"records":[118],"from":[119],"an":[120],"automatic":[121],"identification":[122],"system":[123],"(AIS)":[124],"used":[125],"as":[126,238],"ground":[127],"truth":[128],"data.":[129],"The":[130],"processing":[131],"results":[132],"showed":[133],"that":[134,195],"TF-CFAR":[137,157,174,220],"outperformed":[139,156],"detecting":[142],"non-stationary":[143],"weak":[145],"signals":[146,161],"those":[148],"within":[149,245],"first-order":[151,247],"sea":[152,248],"clutters,":[153],"whereas":[154],"identifying":[159],"multiple":[160],"similar":[163],"frequencies.":[164],"Notably,":[165],"intersection":[167],"matched":[170,188],"sets":[172,205],"alone":[177],"was":[178,206],"not":[179],"immense,":[180],"which":[181],"takes":[182],"up":[183],"approximately":[184],"68%":[185],"number":[189,200],"25%":[193],"TF-CFAR;":[197],"however,":[198],"union":[203],"much":[207],"(>30%)":[208],"greater":[209],"than":[210],"result":[212],"either":[214],"method.":[215],"Therefore,":[216],"can":[223],"further":[224],"increase":[225],"probability":[228],"greatly":[230],"improve":[231],"performance":[233],"under":[234],"complicated":[235],"situations,":[236],"such":[237],"non-stationarity,":[239],"signal-to-noise":[241],"ratio":[242],"(SNR),":[243],"clutters.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}