{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3145420373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13071354","title":"Targeted Rock Slope Assessment Using Voxels and Object-Oriented Classification","display_name":"Targeted Rock Slope Assessment Using Voxels and Object-Oriented Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3145420373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13071354","mag":"3145420373"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13071354","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13071354","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/7/1354/pdf?version=1617939464","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/7/1354/pdf?version=1617939464","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019609063","display_name":"Ioannis Farmakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7066-7845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ioannis Farmakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada","Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074208375","display_name":"David Bonneau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6783-4454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Bonneau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada","Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061800286","display_name":"D. Jean Hutchinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4577-9404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Jean Hutchinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada","Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015500140","display_name":"Nicholas Vlachopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1181-8230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51768193","display_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04yr71909","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Vlachopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019609063"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.7317,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65975427,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"7","first_page":"1354","last_page":"1354"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.7033644318580627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6536452174186707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5339098572731018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.4432584345340729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.42541244626045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4228097200393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.41385141015052795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39903610944747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3787698447704315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3724927306175232}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.7033644318580627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6536452174186707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5339098572731018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.4432584345340729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.42541244626045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4228097200393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.41385141015052795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39903610944747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3787698447704315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3724927306175232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13071354","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13071354","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/7/1354/pdf?version=1617939464","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e679955fa9714c8081ed40bfdff30309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e679955fa9714c8081ed40bfdff30309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 7, p 1354 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/7/1354/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 7; Pages: 1354","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13071354","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13071354","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/7/1354/pdf?version=1617939464","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1304196372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2165548363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Canada","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5457848877","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"388624","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8284766523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NSERC)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315159","display_name":"Transport Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/0238rs311"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3145420373.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3145420373.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970331803","https://openalex.org/W1975809100","https://openalex.org/W1978690828","https://openalex.org/W1986522259","https://openalex.org/W1988197306","https://openalex.org/W2049981393","https://openalex.org/W2051094394","https://openalex.org/W2087347434","https://openalex.org/W2095028777","https://openalex.org/W2095057310","https://openalex.org/W2122033462","https://openalex.org/W2135975766","https://openalex.org/W2142347478","https://openalex.org/W2149887512","https://openalex.org/W2187019651","https://openalex.org/W2211722331","https://openalex.org/W2343240582","https://openalex.org/W2470114461","https://openalex.org/W2560609797","https://openalex.org/W2591947007","https://openalex.org/W2615671695","https://openalex.org/W2751666005","https://openalex.org/W2775566658","https://openalex.org/W2788820446","https://openalex.org/W2810240468","https://openalex.org/W2887121482","https://openalex.org/W2887247668","https://openalex.org/W2902902793","https://openalex.org/W2904180614","https://openalex.org/W2907990917","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2963121255","https://openalex.org/W2963706542","https://openalex.org/W2963809831","https://openalex.org/W2983364583","https://openalex.org/W2991218891","https://openalex.org/W2993383518","https://openalex.org/W3029111587","https://openalex.org/W3048403620","https://openalex.org/W3083717832","https://openalex.org/W6758407373"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4296209631","https://openalex.org/W2068608913","https://openalex.org/W2561617217","https://openalex.org/W4389574804","https://openalex.org/W2025378473","https://openalex.org/W3124914020","https://openalex.org/W2141033859","https://openalex.org/W3016928466","https://openalex.org/W4399442168","https://openalex.org/W2114282491"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reality":[0],"capture":[1],"technologies,":[2],"also":[3],"known":[4,36],"as":[5,37],"close-range":[6],"sensing,":[7],"have":[8],"been":[9],"increasingly":[10],"popular":[11],"within":[12,59],"the":[13,108,138,159,181,193],"field":[14],"of":[15,32,120,140],"engineering":[16],"geology":[17],"and":[18,27,47,56,89,112,114,133,136,196,198],"particularly":[19],"rock":[20,60,144,171,208],"slope":[21,61,145,172,209],"management.":[22,157],"Such":[23],"technologies":[24],"provide":[25,102],"accurate":[26],"high-resolution":[28],"n-dimensional":[29],"spatial":[30],"representations":[31],"our":[33],"physical":[34],"world,":[35],"3D":[38],"point":[39,54],"clouds,":[40],"that":[41,78,129],"are":[42],"mainly":[43],"used":[44],"for":[45,170,203],"visualization":[46],"monitoring":[48],"purposes.":[49],"To":[50],"extract":[51],"knowledge":[52],"from":[53],"clouds":[55],"inform":[57],"decision-making":[58,205],"management":[62],"systems,":[63],"semantic":[64,188],"injection":[65],"through":[66],"automated":[67],"processes":[68],"is":[69,161,179],"necessary.":[70],"In":[71],"this":[72],"paper,":[73],"we":[74,101,124],"propose":[75],"a":[76,80,126,141],"model":[77,194],"utilizes":[79,130],"segmentation":[81,189],"procedure":[82],"which":[83],"delivers":[84],"segments":[85],"ready":[86],"to":[87,95,163,185],"classify":[88],"be":[90],"retained":[91],"or":[92],"rejected":[93],"according":[94],"complementary":[96],"knowledge-based":[97],"filter":[98],"criteria.":[99],"First,":[100],"relevant":[103],"voxel-based":[104],"features":[105],"based":[106],"on":[107],"local":[109],"dimensionality,":[110],"orientation,":[111],"topology":[113],"partition":[115],"them":[116],"in":[117,147,154],"an":[118,200],"assembly":[119],"homogenous":[121],"segments.":[122],"Subsequently,":[123],"build":[125],"decision":[127],"tree":[128],"geometrical,":[131],"topological,":[132],"contextual":[134],"information":[135],"enables":[137],"classification":[139,173],"multi-hazard":[142],"railway":[143],"section":[146],"British":[148],"Columbia,":[149],"Canada":[150],"into":[151],"classes":[152],"involved":[153],"landslide":[155],"risk":[156],"Finally,":[158],"approach":[160],"compared":[162],"machine":[164,186],"learning":[165,187],"integrating":[166],"recent":[167],"featuring":[168],"strategies":[169],"with":[174],"limited":[175],"training":[176],"data":[177],"(which":[178],"usually":[180],"case).":[182],"This":[183],"alternative":[184],"approaches":[190],"reduces":[191],"substantially":[192],"size":[195],"complexity":[197],"provides":[199],"adaptable":[201],"framework":[202],"tailored":[204],"systems":[206],"leveraging":[207],"semantics.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-12T07:58:50.170612","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
