{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3145203066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13071296","title":"High-Precision GNSS PWV and Its Variation Characteristics in China Based on Individual Station Meteorological Data","display_name":"High-Precision GNSS PWV and Its Variation Characteristics in China Based on Individual Station Meteorological Data","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3145203066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13071296","mag":"3145203066"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13071296","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13071296","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/7/1296/pdf?version=1617937664","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/7/1296/pdf?version=1617937664","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103963051","display_name":"Mingliang Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799714274","display_name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/003n8re58","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2799714274"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4610292","display_name":"Xiangtan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xsfaz62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4610292"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingliang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China","Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4610292"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799714274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052926185","display_name":"Shuanggen Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5108-4828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799714274","display_name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/003n8re58","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2799714274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuanggen Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799714274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002174803","display_name":"Zhicai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1022-9151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141849","display_name":"National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04z3map19","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhicai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geodesy, National Geomatics Center of China, Beijing 100830, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geodesy, National Geomatics Center of China, Beijing 100830, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100857662","display_name":"Yunchang Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunchang Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Meteorological Exploration, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Meteorological Exploration, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079618175","display_name":"Fan Ping","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8933-6376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152758","display_name":"Institute of Atmospheric Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/0424h4e32","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210152758"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Ping","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152758","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079938817","display_name":"Xu Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4800-1825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002174803"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":27.3684,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99213991,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"7","first_page":"1296","last_page":"1296"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiosonde","display_name":"Radiosonde","score":0.8371431231498718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7693984508514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6400259137153625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.5373564958572388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodetic-datum","display_name":"Geodetic datum","score":0.5244027376174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.4840499758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.4037858843803406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.37302231788635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.3339521288871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.25152939558029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.20093944668769836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.13266587257385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07669109106063843}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11999413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852817","display_name":"Radiosonde","level":2,"score":0.8371431231498718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7693984508514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6400259137153625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5373564958572388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58754882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502887","display_name":"Geodetic datum","level":2,"score":0.5244027376174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4840499758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.4037858843803406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.37302231788635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.3339521288871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.25152939558029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.20093944668769836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.13266587257385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07669109106063843}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13071296","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13071296","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/7/1296/pdf?version=1617937664","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7d93832c0851454eb9cf42bb98736967","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7d93832c0851454eb9cf42bb98736967","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 7, p 1296 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/7/1296/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13071296","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13071296","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/7/1296/pdf?version=1617937664","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3085993365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5167091242","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5422020594","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDA23040100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6258415954","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Chinese","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6429699653","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12073012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6579775686","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDA23040100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7207463165","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0501405","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7726157001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8114646031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016Y","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8677228621","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0501405","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8877176279","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No. XDA","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3145203066.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3145203066.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W877056882","https://openalex.org/W1965339101","https://openalex.org/W1974536365","https://openalex.org/W1986229658","https://openalex.org/W1994365791","https://openalex.org/W2004074115","https://openalex.org/W2008251231","https://openalex.org/W2025626286","https://openalex.org/W2028556796","https://openalex.org/W2028726935","https://openalex.org/W2042676421","https://openalex.org/W2047383201","https://openalex.org/W2054056303","https://openalex.org/W2058923149","https://openalex.org/W2099589422","https://openalex.org/W2099709168","https://openalex.org/W2112306707","https://openalex.org/W2126407467","https://openalex.org/W2141042052","https://openalex.org/W2149112844","https://openalex.org/W2158612390","https://openalex.org/W2159431720","https://openalex.org/W2166448303","https://openalex.org/W2166751400","https://openalex.org/W2253684635","https://openalex.org/W2293419160","https://openalex.org/W2378948642","https://openalex.org/W2618274983","https://openalex.org/W2734190307","https://openalex.org/W2746231367","https://openalex.org/W2794375170","https://openalex.org/W2808916966","https://openalex.org/W2901209197","https://openalex.org/W2946434424","https://openalex.org/W2964882359","https://openalex.org/W2996969955","https://openalex.org/W3007429130","https://openalex.org/W3030176708","https://openalex.org/W6674870037","https://openalex.org/W6681976800","https://openalex.org/W6709750540","https://openalex.org/W7036085623"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019057379","https://openalex.org/W1989808455","https://openalex.org/W2366229771","https://openalex.org/W2612515138","https://openalex.org/W1982102372","https://openalex.org/W4381329014","https://openalex.org/W2028428095","https://openalex.org/W2340859935","https://openalex.org/W2031901306","https://openalex.org/W2352121962"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,22,51,72,129,147,186,220,245],"Global":[1],"Navigation":[2],"Satellite":[3],"System":[4],"(GNSS)":[5],"plays":[6],"an":[7],"important":[8],"role":[9],"in":[10,229,237,249,258],"retrieving":[11],"high":[12],"temporal\u2013spatial":[13],"resolution":[14],"precipitable":[15],"water":[16,60],"vapor":[17,61],"(PWV)":[18],"and":[19,59,95,109,138,142,164,179,200,206,232,235,242],"its":[20,207],"applications.":[21],"weighted":[23],"mean":[24],"temperature":[25,83],"(Tm)":[26],"is":[27,53,65,75,115,247],"a":[28,87,111,262],"key":[29],"parameter":[30],"for":[31,78,117,140],"the":[32,39,43,49,56,79,93,100,103,156,176,194,198,211,216,224,255],"GNSS":[33,70,80,153],"PWV":[34,148,187,212,226,246],"estimation,":[35],"which":[36],"acts":[37],"as":[38],"conversion":[40],"factor":[41],"from":[42,125,155,175,182],"zenith":[44],"wet":[45],"delay":[46],"(ZWD)":[47],"to":[48,127,184],"PWV.":[50],"Tm":[52,130],"determined":[54],"by":[55,134],"air":[57],"pressure":[58],"pressure,":[62],"while":[63,254],"it":[64],"not":[66],"available":[67],"nearby":[68],"most":[69,250],"stations.":[71],"empirical":[73],"formular":[74],"often":[76],"applied":[77],"station":[81,120],"surface":[82],"(Ts)":[84],"but":[85],"has":[86],"lower":[88,236],"accuracy.":[89],"In":[90],"this":[91],"paper,":[92],"temporal":[94],"spatial":[96],"distribution":[97],"characteristics":[98,209],"of":[99,102,159,169,210,252],"coefficients":[101],"linear":[104],"Tm-Ts":[105,113],"model":[106],"are":[107],"analyzed,":[108],"then":[110],"piecewise-linear":[112],"relationship":[114],"established":[116],"each":[118],"GPS":[119,177],"using":[121,215],"radiosonde":[122,144],"data":[123,181],"collected":[124],"2011":[126,183],"2019.":[128,185],"accuracy":[131,188],"was":[132,189,227],"increased":[133],"more":[135],"than":[136],"10%":[137],"20%":[139],"86":[141],"52":[143],"stations,":[145],"respectively.":[146],"time":[149],"series":[150],"at":[151],"377":[152],"stations":[154],"infrastructure":[157],"construction":[158],"national":[160],"geodetic":[161],"datum":[162],"modernization":[163],"Crustal":[165],"Movement":[166],"Observation":[167],"Network":[168],"China":[170,231,234,260],"(CMONC)":[171],"were":[172,213],"further":[173],"obtained":[174],"observations":[178],"meteorological":[180],"improved":[190],"when":[191],"compared":[192],"with":[193],"Bevis":[195],"model.":[196,219],"Furthermore,":[197],"daily":[199],"monthly":[201],"average":[202],"values,":[203],"long-term":[204],"trend,":[205],"change":[208],"analyzed":[214],"high-precision":[217],"inversion":[218],"results":[221],"showed":[222],"that":[223],"averaged":[225],"higher":[228],"Central-Eastern":[230],"Southern":[233],"Northwest":[238],"China,":[239,241,253],"Northeast":[240],"North":[243,259],"China.":[244],"increasing":[248],"parts":[251],"some":[256],"PWVs":[257],"show":[261],"downward":[263],"trend.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}