{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3138093987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13061106","title":"An Enhanced Smartphone Indoor Positioning Scheme with Outlier Removal Using Machine Learning","display_name":"An Enhanced Smartphone Indoor Positioning Scheme with Outlier Removal Using Machine Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3138093987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13061106","mag":"3138093987"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13061106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13061106","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/6/1106/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/6/1106/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042389296","display_name":"Zhenbing Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenbing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035970188","display_name":"Jingbin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6216-0956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["CN","FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingbin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry and The Center of Excellence in Laser Scanning Research, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, 02430 Masala, Finland","State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry and The Center of Excellence in Laser Scanning Research, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, 02430 Masala, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100436103","display_name":"Lei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1887-6222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010955579","display_name":"Guangyi Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7494-0914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangyi Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040822419","display_name":"Xingyu Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8834-3790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingyu Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057474029","display_name":"Xiaodong Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0691-9686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005863742","display_name":"Sheng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0096-4922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057727801","display_name":"Gege Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9070-7725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gege Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035970188"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163","https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.7046,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8390757,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"1106","last_page":"1106"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7833197116851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.6124814748764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.577488124370575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5756145715713501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.4954260587692261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extended-kalman-filter","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","score":0.4817509651184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dead-reckoning","display_name":"Dead reckoning","score":0.47544193267822266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.4712577164173126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rss","display_name":"RSS","score":0.46391645073890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-positioning-system","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","score":0.4571722149848938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.43862244486808777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.43661242723464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42274200916290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.41820237040519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.323760449886322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.2449156939983368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.1877354383468628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1298331618309021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11642390489578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09737798571586609}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7833197116851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6124814748764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.577488124370575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5756145715713501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.4954260587692261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206833254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421817","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","level":3,"score":0.4817509651184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106165642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152255","display_name":"Dead reckoning","level":3,"score":0.47544193267822266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.4712577164173126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.46391645073890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777486483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","level":3,"score":0.4571722149848938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.43862244486808777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.43661242723464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42274200916290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.41820237040519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.323760449886322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.2449156939983368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.1877354383468628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1298331618309021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11642390489578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09737798571586609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13061106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13061106","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/6/1106/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7da90e2dd9904c24af7d8873c696f97b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7da90e2dd9904c24af7d8873c696f97b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 6, p 1106 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/6/1106/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061106","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13061106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13061106","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/6/1106/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3138093987.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3138093987.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1841955968","https://openalex.org/W1976071391","https://openalex.org/W1979561374","https://openalex.org/W1989800321","https://openalex.org/W1993248935","https://openalex.org/W1995590662","https://openalex.org/W2002347603","https://openalex.org/W2025241138","https://openalex.org/W2048022299","https://openalex.org/W2054043702","https://openalex.org/W2054799039","https://openalex.org/W2062486942","https://openalex.org/W2067977124","https://openalex.org/W2070027626","https://openalex.org/W2079251198","https://openalex.org/W2080661738","https://openalex.org/W2085871825","https://openalex.org/W2112596839","https://openalex.org/W2120824934","https://openalex.org/W2122180522","https://openalex.org/W2138452244","https://openalex.org/W2143198590","https://openalex.org/W2144723957","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2291859485","https://openalex.org/W2319208717","https://openalex.org/W2411093439","https://openalex.org/W2501073294","https://openalex.org/W2510461878","https://openalex.org/W2514428213","https://openalex.org/W2534067806","https://openalex.org/W2608653446","https://openalex.org/W2753406302","https://openalex.org/W2765930120","https://openalex.org/W2772704452","https://openalex.org/W2776252545","https://openalex.org/W2789440982","https://openalex.org/W2801784285","https://openalex.org/W2805013618","https://openalex.org/W2805742375","https://openalex.org/W2809647887","https://openalex.org/W2811309271","https://openalex.org/W2884424765","https://openalex.org/W2885451380","https://openalex.org/W2900506750","https://openalex.org/W2902997965","https://openalex.org/W2903835995","https://openalex.org/W2905536956","https://openalex.org/W2908297183","https://openalex.org/W2909910397","https://openalex.org/W2920323739","https://openalex.org/W2921597243","https://openalex.org/W2922024441","https://openalex.org/W2924945026","https://openalex.org/W2929069550","https://openalex.org/W2945597712","https://openalex.org/W2946331101","https://openalex.org/W2947739547","https://openalex.org/W2950392941","https://openalex.org/W2982026672","https://openalex.org/W2982538692","https://openalex.org/W2989277575","https://openalex.org/W2992647966","https://openalex.org/W3006154135","https://openalex.org/W3016045919","https://openalex.org/W3096016677","https://openalex.org/W4206531014","https://openalex.org/W4236019860","https://openalex.org/W6649172934","https://openalex.org/W6770053795"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2087485917","https://openalex.org/W3011156758","https://openalex.org/W4294113342","https://openalex.org/W2936887342","https://openalex.org/W2538316715","https://openalex.org/W3202473970","https://openalex.org/W4287993465","https://openalex.org/W3115461992","https://openalex.org/W2163839940","https://openalex.org/W2555436023"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"smartphone":[1],"indoor":[2],"positioning,":[3],"owing":[4],"to":[5,41,61],"the":[6,29,36,39,52,57,62,82,90,103,110,115,118,130,142,155,186,196,200,210,220,224,228,242,246],"strong":[7,252],"complementarity":[8],"between":[9],"pedestrian":[10,111,143],"dead":[11],"reckoning":[12],"(PDR)":[13],"and":[14,25,86,122,137,175,192],"WiFi,":[15,135,159],"a":[16,147],"hybrid":[17,148],"fusion":[18,149],"scheme":[19,150,222,244],"of":[20,31,38,92,107,134,199,212],"them":[21],"is":[22,112,144,151,204,214,234],"drawing":[23],"more":[24,26],"attention.":[27],"However,":[28],"outlier":[30,84,120],"WiFi":[32,53,108,213],"will":[33],"easily":[34],"degrade":[35],"performance":[37],"scheme,":[40],"remove":[42],"them,":[43],"many":[44],"researches":[45],"have":[46],"been":[47],"proposed":[48,157,188,221,243],"such":[49],"as:":[50],"improving":[51],"individually":[54],"or":[55],"enhancing":[56],"scheme.":[58],"Nevertheless,":[59],"due":[60],"inherent":[63],"received":[64],"signal":[65],"strength":[66],"(RSS)":[67],"variation,":[68],"there":[69],"still":[70],"exist":[71],"some":[72],"unremoved":[73],"outliers.":[74],"To":[75],"solve":[76],"this":[77,79],"problem,":[78],"paper":[80,116],"proposes":[81,117],"first":[83],"detection":[85,121],"removal":[87,123],"strategy":[88],"with":[89,161,208],"aid":[91],"Machine":[93],"Learning":[94],"(ML),":[95],"so":[96,125],"called":[97,126],"WiFi-AGNES":[98],"(Agglomerative":[99],"Nesting),":[100],"based":[101,128],"on":[102,129],"extracted":[104,131],"positioning":[105,132],"characteristics":[106,133,140,239],"when":[109,141],"static.":[113],"Then,":[114],"second":[119],"strategy,":[124],"WiFi-Chain,":[127,209],"PDR,":[136],"their":[138],"complementary":[139],"walking.":[145],"Finally,":[146],"proposed,":[152],"which":[153],"integrates":[154],"two":[156,187,247],"strategies,":[158],"PDR":[160],"an":[162,176],"inertial-navigation-system-based":[163],"(INS-based)":[164],"attitude":[165],"heading":[166],"reference":[167],"system":[168],"(AHRS)":[169],"via":[170],"Extended":[171],"Kalman":[172,178],"Filter":[173,179],"(EKF),":[174],"Unscented":[177],"(UKF).":[180],"The":[181],"experiment":[182],"results":[183],"show":[184],"that":[185],"strategies":[189,249],"are":[190,240],"effective":[191],"robust.":[193],"With":[194],"WiFi-AGNES,":[195],"minimum":[197],"percentage":[198],"maximum":[201],"error":[202,232],"(MaxE)":[203],"reduced":[205],"by":[206],"66.5%;":[207],"MaxE":[211],"less":[215],"than":[216],"4.3":[217],"m;":[218],"further":[219],"achieves":[223],"best":[225],"performance,":[226],"where":[227],"root":[229],"mean":[230],"square":[231],"(RMSE)":[233],"1.43":[235],"m.":[236],"Moreover,":[237],"since":[238],"universal,":[241],"integrated":[245],"characteristic-based":[248],"also":[250],"possesses":[251],"robustness.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
