{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135611371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13051009","title":"A Fixed-Threshold Method for Estimating Fractional Vegetation Cover of Maize under Different Levels of Water Stress","display_name":"A Fixed-Threshold Method for Estimating Fractional Vegetation Cover of Maize under Different Levels of Water Stress","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135611371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13051009","mag":"3135611371"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13051009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13051009","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/1009/pdf?version=1615119675","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/1009/pdf?version=1615119675","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101934519","display_name":"Yaxiao Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3213-2297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1312222531","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132539","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/03pz37k82","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132539"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaxiao Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Xianyang 712100, China","Water Management and Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg. D., Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Xianyang 712100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Water Management and Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg. D., Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100651514","display_name":"Huihui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9781-6086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1312222531","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huihui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Water Management and Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg. D., Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Water Management and Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg. D., Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021554981","display_name":"Wenting Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3617-9191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132539","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/03pz37k82","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenting Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Xianyang 712100, China","Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang 712100, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Xianyang 712100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Internet of Things, Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang 712100, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100361517","display_name":"Liyuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9500-712X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132539","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/03pz37k82","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132539"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liyuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Xianyang 712100, China","Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Xianyang 712100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100627248","display_name":"Haipeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9410-4120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132539","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/03pz37k82","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haipeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Xianyang 712100, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Xianyang 712100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132539"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021554981"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132539"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.6518,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8272876,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"1009","last_page":"1009"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5389559864997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hue","display_name":"Hue","score":0.5294840931892395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.4790038764476776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threshold-limit-value","display_name":"Threshold limit value","score":0.4717864692211151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4018198549747467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3977910578250885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3868030309677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.36153846979141235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5389559864997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126537357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372948","display_name":"Hue","level":2,"score":0.5294840931892395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.4790038764476776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64413873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21005","display_name":"Threshold limit value","level":2,"score":0.4717864692211151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4018198549747467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3977910578250885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3868030309677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36153846979141235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13051009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13051009","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/1009/pdf?version=1615119675","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e1adbd4bdb394124a0362c2ccd367839","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e1adbd4bdb394124a0362c2ccd367839","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 5, p 1009 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/5/1009/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13051009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 5; Pages: 1009","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13051009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13051009","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/1009/pdf?version=1615119675","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135611371.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135611371.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1735309556","https://openalex.org/W1930970760","https://openalex.org/W1964615151","https://openalex.org/W1972293418","https://openalex.org/W1973700570","https://openalex.org/W1981185626","https://openalex.org/W1988998717","https://openalex.org/W2019819424","https://openalex.org/W2022706537","https://openalex.org/W2034794296","https://openalex.org/W2039952872","https://openalex.org/W2041221361","https://openalex.org/W2044651338","https://openalex.org/W2050565203","https://openalex.org/W2055186043","https://openalex.org/W2069693699","https://openalex.org/W2073917898","https://openalex.org/W2093020519","https://openalex.org/W2093998692","https://openalex.org/W2128866545","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2135879798","https://openalex.org/W2139244996","https://openalex.org/W2163450852","https://openalex.org/W2246094482","https://openalex.org/W2378132277","https://openalex.org/W2394911398","https://openalex.org/W2471406164","https://openalex.org/W2515382892","https://openalex.org/W2590031223","https://openalex.org/W2592551532","https://openalex.org/W2597168415","https://openalex.org/W2601082556","https://openalex.org/W2622963532","https://openalex.org/W2743023164","https://openalex.org/W2794104823","https://openalex.org/W2794879043","https://openalex.org/W2807400690","https://openalex.org/W2887907679","https://openalex.org/W2889648359","https://openalex.org/W2900806023","https://openalex.org/W2978138816","https://openalex.org/W3004123874","https://openalex.org/W3006705642","https://openalex.org/W6709444938"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1580699584","https://openalex.org/W4252650332","https://openalex.org/W3094657558","https://openalex.org/W2078415748","https://openalex.org/W2805159267","https://openalex.org/W4240358042","https://openalex.org/W1949943367","https://openalex.org/W2034076462","https://openalex.org/W4377997101","https://openalex.org/W2291355189"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"estimation":[1,288],"of":[2,16,68,97,115,131,139,167,177,271,297,306,309,317],"fractional":[3],"vegetation":[4,24,117],"cover":[5],"(FVC)":[6],"from":[7,100],"digital":[8],"images":[9,220,259],"taken":[10,260],"by":[11,157,229,246,274,280],"commercially":[12],"available":[13],"cameras":[14],"is":[15],"great":[17],"significance":[18],"in":[19,70,261],"order":[20],"to":[21,56,76,164,198,204],"monitor":[22],"the":[23,39,45,61,71,94,101,113,132,140,146,159,165,174,178,187,193,199,211,235,247,253,267,275,286,290,295],"growth":[25],"status,":[26],"especially":[27],"when":[28,233],"plants":[29],"are":[30],"under":[31,263],"water":[32,66,265],"stress.":[33],"Two":[34],"classic":[35,103,213],"threshold-based":[36],"methods,":[37,239,257],"namely,":[38],"intersection":[40],"method":[41,49,91,189,195,277,293],"(T1":[42],"method)":[43],"and":[44,64,80,118,145,161,185,207,231,237,255,282,300,311],"equal":[46],"misclassification":[47],"probability":[48],"(T2":[50],"method),":[51],"have":[52],"been":[53],"widely":[54],"applied":[55,197],"Red-Green-Blue":[57],"(RGB)":[58],"images.":[59],"However,":[60],"high":[62,222,301],"coverage":[63],"severe":[65,264],"stress":[67],"crops":[69],"field":[72],"make":[73],"it":[74],"difficult":[75],"extract":[77],"FVC":[78,225,272,287],"stably":[79],"accurately.":[81],"To":[82],"solve":[83],"this":[84,86,242],"problem,":[85],"paper":[87],"proposes":[88],"a":[89,107,304],"fixed-threshold":[90,188,194,249,276,292],"based":[92,172],"on":[93,122,173],"statistical":[95,175],"analysis":[96,176],"thresholds":[98,154,179],"obtained":[99,273],"two":[102,212],"threshold":[104],"approaches.":[105,214],"Firstly,":[106],"Gaussian":[108],"mixture":[109],"model":[110],"(GMM),":[111],"including":[112],"distributions":[114],"green":[116,127],"backgrounds,":[119],"was":[120,190,196,208,226,244,278],"fitted":[121],"four":[123],"color":[124,135,143,169,201],"features:":[125],"excessive":[126],"index,":[128],"H":[129],"channel":[130,138,149],"Hue-Saturation-Value":[133],"(HSV)":[134],"space,":[136,144],"a*":[137,148],"CIE":[141],"L*a*b*":[142],"brightness-enhanced":[147],"(denoted":[150],"as":[151],"a*_I).":[152],"Secondly,":[153],"were":[155],"calculated":[156],"applying":[158],"T1":[160,184,236,254],"T2":[162,238,256],"methods":[163],"GMM":[166],"each":[168],"feature.":[170],"Thirdly,":[171],"with":[180,210,221,252,303],"better":[181],"performance":[182],"between":[183],"T2,":[186],"proposed.":[191],"Finally,":[192],"optimal":[200],"feature":[202],"a*_I":[203],"estimate":[205],"FVC,":[206,224],"compared":[209],"Results":[215],"showed":[216],"that,":[217],"for":[218,258],"some":[219],"reference":[223],"seriously":[227],"underestimated":[228],"0.128":[230],"0.141":[232],"using":[234,289],"respectively,":[240],"but":[241],"problem":[243],"eliminated":[245],"proposed":[248,291],"method.":[250],"Compared":[251],"plots":[262],"stress,":[266],"mean":[268,313],"absolute":[269],"error":[270,315],"decreased":[279],"0.043":[281],"0.193,":[283],"respectively.":[284],"Overall,":[285],"has":[294],"advantages":[296],"robustness,":[298],"accuracy,":[299],"efficiency,":[302],"coefficient":[305],"determination":[307],"(R2)":[308],"0.99":[310],"root":[312],"squared":[314],"(RMSE)":[316],"0.02.":[318]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
