{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3133726641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13051002","title":"A Lidar-Based 3-D Photosynthetically Active Radiation Model Reveals the Spatiotemporal Variations of Forest Sunlit and Shaded Leaves","display_name":"A Lidar-Based 3-D Photosynthetically Active Radiation Model Reveals the Spatiotemporal Variations of Forest Sunlit and Shaded Leaves","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3133726641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13051002","mag":"3133726641"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13051002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13051002","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/1002/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/1002/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038263935","display_name":"Shihao Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2390-7997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shihao Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China","Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing 210023, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013506158","display_name":"Guang Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4118-7804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guang Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080665988","display_name":"Jan U.H. Eitel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1903-3833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155093810","display_name":"University of Idaho","ror":"https://ror.org/03hbp5t65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan U. Eitel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geospatial Laboratory for Environmental Dynamics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geospatial Laboratory for Environmental Dynamics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155093810"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100401608","display_name":"Qian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0860-4023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013506158"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.4473,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57132831,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"1002","last_page":"1002"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.8088648319244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photosynthetically-active-radiation","display_name":"Photosynthetically active radiation","score":0.7860769033432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.7262548208236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5544405579566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.4967864155769348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.4175896644592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.3884093761444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1585366129875183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photosynthesis","display_name":"Photosynthesis","score":0.1396602988243103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.12720248103141785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botany","display_name":"Botany","score":0.11682352423667908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07728734612464905}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.8088648319244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131366478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900892","display_name":"Photosynthetically active radiation","level":3,"score":0.7860769033432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7262548208236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5544405579566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4967864155769348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.4175896644592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.3884093761444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1585366129875183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183688256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11982","display_name":"Photosynthesis","level":2,"score":0.1396602988243103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.12720248103141785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.11682352423667908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07728734612464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13051002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13051002","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/1002/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:82ac706c7264439f846da904fd696c70","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/82ac706c7264439f846da904fd696c70","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 5, p 1002 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/5/1002/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13051002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 5; Pages: 1002","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13051002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13051002","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/1002/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133726641.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133726641.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1626255624","https://openalex.org/W1966336788","https://openalex.org/W1969434292","https://openalex.org/W1976624114","https://openalex.org/W1978867303","https://openalex.org/W1982483039","https://openalex.org/W1983640201","https://openalex.org/W1984332736","https://openalex.org/W1990644176","https://openalex.org/W1999092726","https://openalex.org/W2002692686","https://openalex.org/W2008986978","https://openalex.org/W2010714868","https://openalex.org/W2017014841","https://openalex.org/W2021339679","https://openalex.org/W2023926690","https://openalex.org/W2028793303","https://openalex.org/W2030147546","https://openalex.org/W2036706101","https://openalex.org/W2037317818","https://openalex.org/W2046263733","https://openalex.org/W2046597213","https://openalex.org/W2059515884","https://openalex.org/W2069416671","https://openalex.org/W2073119306","https://openalex.org/W2074214592","https://openalex.org/W2077770698","https://openalex.org/W2091814146","https://openalex.org/W2095681882","https://openalex.org/W2098068408","https://openalex.org/W2099792467","https://openalex.org/W2107325836","https://openalex.org/W2113675879","https://openalex.org/W2135817270","https://openalex.org/W2136904626","https://openalex.org/W2163701694","https://openalex.org/W2245444544","https://openalex.org/W2288829032","https://openalex.org/W2319062833","https://openalex.org/W2323065448","https://openalex.org/W2406402377","https://openalex.org/W2412433088","https://openalex.org/W2417935804","https://openalex.org/W2500082804","https://openalex.org/W2536342094","https://openalex.org/W2559726834","https://openalex.org/W2583699816","https://openalex.org/W2603868875","https://openalex.org/W2605994563","https://openalex.org/W2625614238","https://openalex.org/W2765141143","https://openalex.org/W2788960441","https://openalex.org/W2802177710","https://openalex.org/W2810927599","https://openalex.org/W2887110910","https://openalex.org/W2896176663","https://openalex.org/W2912510744","https://openalex.org/W2948493527","https://openalex.org/W2961144119","https://openalex.org/W2989619851","https://openalex.org/W3018268432","https://openalex.org/W3035154995","https://openalex.org/W3038818686","https://openalex.org/W3088292472","https://openalex.org/W3114604298","https://openalex.org/W3119452456","https://openalex.org/W3120901958","https://openalex.org/W3121749275","https://openalex.org/W4247800267","https://openalex.org/W6655748238","https://openalex.org/W6657623778","https://openalex.org/W6715375069"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W4308259661","https://openalex.org/W4390813131","https://openalex.org/W2349383066","https://openalex.org/W4328132048","https://openalex.org/W2594043982","https://openalex.org/W3036493597"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurately":[0],"identifying":[1,120],"sunlit":[2,66,103,121,137,191,222,252,284,310],"and":[3,19,50,65,67,80,95,104,116,122,129,132,165,187,198,212,229,239,256,271,296,311],"shaded":[4,68,105,123,312],"leaves":[5,69,124,192],"using":[6,74,158,302],"process-based":[7],"ecological":[8],"models":[9],"can":[10],"improve":[11],"the":[12,39,56,89,100,111,127,134,152,203,233,251,283,288],"simulation":[13],"accuracy":[14],"of":[15,60,91,102,113,136,154,190,235],"forest":[16,71,227,273],"photosynthetic":[17],"rates":[18],"potential":[20],"carbon":[21],"sequestration":[22],"capacity.":[23],"However,":[24],"it":[25,297],"is":[26],"still":[27],"challenging":[28],"to":[29,38,54,202,208,232,281,308],"characterize":[30],"their":[31,209],"three":[32],"dimensional":[33],"(3-D)":[34],"spatiotemporal":[35,57],"distributions":[36],"due":[37,207,231],"complex":[40],"structure.":[41],"In":[42],"this":[43],"study,":[44],"we":[45,87,108],"developed":[46],"a":[47,266],"light":[48],"detection":[49],"ranging":[51],"(lidar)-based":[52],"approach":[53],"map":[55],"distribution":[58,242],"patterns":[59],"photosynthetically":[61],"active":[62],"radiation":[63],"(PAR)":[64],"within":[70],"canopies.":[72],"By":[73],"both":[75],"terrestrial":[76],"laser":[77],"scanning":[78,93],"(TLS)":[79],"unmanned":[81],"aerial":[82],"vehicle-based":[83],"lidar":[84,307],"system":[85],"(UAV-LS),":[86],"analyzed":[88],"influences":[90],"different":[92,210,219],"geometries":[94],"associated":[96],"point":[97,160,205],"densities":[98],"on":[99,119,221],"separation":[101],"leaves.":[106,138,313],"Moreover,":[107],"further":[109],"investigated":[110],"effects":[112,220,278],"woody":[114,130,216,259],"materials":[115,131,217,260],"penumbra":[117,277],"sizes":[118],"by":[125,162,196,291],"separating":[126],"foliage":[128],"estimating":[133],"penumbras":[135],"Our":[139],"results":[140],"showed":[141,218],"that:":[142],"(1)":[143],"The":[144,184,215,244,276],"proposed":[145],"lidar-based":[146],"PAR":[147],"model":[148],"could":[149],"well":[150],"capture":[151],"variations":[153,234],"field-based":[155],"pyranometer":[156],"measurements":[157],"fused":[159,204],"data":[161,167,206],"combining":[163],"UAV-LS":[164,186],"TLS":[166],"(mean":[168],"R-square":[169],"=":[170,178],"0.88,":[171],"mean":[172,174],"root":[173],"square":[175],"error":[176],"(RMSE)":[177],"155.5":[179],"\u03bcmol\u00b7m\u22122\u00b7s\u22121,":[180],"p":[181],"<":[182],"0.01).":[183],"separate":[185],"TLS-based":[188],"fractions":[189],"were":[193,261,279],"averagely":[194],"overestimated":[195],"34.3%":[197],"21.6%":[199],"when":[200,301],"compared":[201],"coverages":[211],"comprehensiveness.":[213],"(2)":[214],"leaf":[223,253,285],"fraction":[224,254,286],"estimations":[225],"for":[226],"overstory":[228],"understory":[230],"solar":[236,268,294],"zenith":[237,269],"angle":[238,270],"tree":[240],"spatial":[241],"patterns.":[243],"most":[245],"noticeable":[246],"differences":[247],"(i.e.,":[248],"\u221236.4%)":[249],"between":[250],"before":[255],"after":[257],"removing":[258],"observed":[262],"around":[263],"noon,":[264],"with":[265],"small":[267],"low-density":[272],"stand.":[274],"(3)":[275],"seen":[280],"increase":[282],"in":[287],"lower":[289],"canopy":[290],"introducing":[292],"direct":[293],"radiation,":[295],"should":[298],"be":[299],"considered":[300],"3-D":[303],"structural":[304],"information":[305],"from":[306],"identify":[309]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}