{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134040756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050965","title":"Autonomous, Onboard Vision-Based Trash and Litter Detection in Low Altitude Aerial Images Collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle","display_name":"Autonomous, Onboard Vision-Based Trash and Litter Detection in Low Altitude Aerial Images Collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134040756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050965","mag":"3134040756"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13050965","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050965","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/965/pdf?version=1615270522","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/965/pdf?version=1615270522","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007939004","display_name":"Marek Kraft","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6483-2357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46597724","display_name":"Pozna\u0144 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p7p3302","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marek Kraft","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Control, Robotics and Electrical, Engineering, Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence, Pozna\u0144 University of Technology, 60-965 Pozna\u0144, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Control, Robotics and Electrical, Engineering, Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence, Pozna\u0144 University of Technology, 60-965 Pozna\u0144, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087864432","display_name":"Mateusz Piechocki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3479-0237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46597724","display_name":"Pozna\u0144 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p7p3302","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mateusz Piechocki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Control, Robotics and Electrical, Engineering, Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence, Pozna\u0144 University of Technology, 60-965 Pozna\u0144, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Control, Robotics and Electrical, Engineering, Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence, Pozna\u0144 University of Technology, 60-965 Pozna\u0144, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004785265","display_name":"Bartosz Ptak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1601-6560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46597724","display_name":"Pozna\u0144 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p7p3302","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bartosz Ptak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Control, Robotics and Electrical, Engineering, Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence, Pozna\u0144 University of Technology, 60-965 Pozna\u0144, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Control, Robotics and Electrical, Engineering, Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence, Pozna\u0144 University of Technology, 60-965 Pozna\u0144, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023007633","display_name":"Krzysztof Walas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2800-2716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46597724","display_name":"Pozna\u0144 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p7p3302","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krzysztof Walas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Control, Robotics and Electrical, Engineering, Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence, Pozna\u0144 University of Technology, 60-965 Pozna\u0144, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Control, Robotics and Electrical, Engineering, Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence, Pozna\u0144 University of Technology, 60-965 Pozna\u0144, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007939004"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":7.381,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":125,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98017963,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"965","last_page":"965"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.784896194934845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6375992894172668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5853168964385986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.575555145740509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5074455142021179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4959941804409027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.470941424369812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.43183666467666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.38541239500045776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.1735389232635498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.0865539014339447}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.784896194934845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6375992894172668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5853168964385986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.575555145740509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5074455142021179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4959941804409027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.470941424369812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.43183666467666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38541239500045776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.1735389232635498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0865539014339447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13050965","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050965","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/965/pdf?version=1615270522","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:84d38d75156643f0a0292ced69366edc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/84d38d75156643f0a0292ced69366edc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 5, p 965 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/5/965/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13050965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 5; Pages: 965","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13050965","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050965","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/965/pdf?version=1615270522","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134040756.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134040756.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1966301784","https://openalex.org/W1989684337","https://openalex.org/W2029203168","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2132131403","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2286365479","https://openalex.org/W2418849765","https://openalex.org/W2519586580","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2577827606","https://openalex.org/W2579243405","https://openalex.org/W2582222835","https://openalex.org/W2586808343","https://openalex.org/W2605995529","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2625354989","https://openalex.org/W2759601165","https://openalex.org/W2769502706","https://openalex.org/W2783538964","https://openalex.org/W2785430118","https://openalex.org/W2787884921","https://openalex.org/W2806493999","https://openalex.org/W2924574544","https://openalex.org/W2946547492","https://openalex.org/W2949736877","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963323326","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2991907795","https://openalex.org/W2996735448","https://openalex.org/W2997413784","https://openalex.org/W3003163768","https://openalex.org/W3013211776","https://openalex.org/W3016752314","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3042790166","https://openalex.org/W3089524665","https://openalex.org/W3092151103","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3111878440","https://openalex.org/W3180134609","https://openalex.org/W6683411478","https://openalex.org/W6693397755"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W2949096641","https://openalex.org/W2969228573","https://openalex.org/W2970686063","https://openalex.org/W4320729701","https://openalex.org/W2963690996","https://openalex.org/W4254103348"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Public":[0],"littering":[1],"and":[2,19,28,51,80,126,134,174,179,186,207,221],"discarded":[3,212],"trash":[4,50],"are,":[5],"despite":[6],"the":[7,47,77,83,111,140,154,163,182,193],"effort":[8],"being":[9],"put":[10,81,201],"to":[11,146],"limit":[12],"it,":[13],"still":[14],"a":[15,36,43,87,115,148],"serious":[16],"ecological,":[17],"aesthetic,":[18],"social":[20],"problem.":[21],"The":[22,70,98,128,142,165,196],"problematic":[23],"waste":[24],"is":[25,35,103,113,130,137],"usually":[26],"localised":[27],"picked":[29],"up":[30],"by":[31,59],"designated":[32],"personnel,":[33],"which":[34],"tiresome,":[37],"time-consuming":[38],"task.":[39],"This":[40],"paper":[41],"proposes":[42],"low-cost":[44],"solution":[45],"enabling":[46,153,222],"localisation":[48,210],"of":[49,72,89,118,122,150,156,167,171,211,217],"litter":[52],"objects":[53,71,121],"in":[54,76,94,139,169],"low":[55],"altitude":[56],"imagery":[57],"collected":[58,125],"an":[60,66],"unmanned":[61],"aerial":[62],"vehicle":[63],"(UAV)":[64],"during":[65],"autonomous":[67,209],"patrol":[68],"mission.":[69],"interest":[73,123],"are":[74,177,189],"detected":[75],"acquired":[78],"images":[79,119],"on":[82,105,192],"global":[84],"map":[85],"using":[86,203],"set":[88],"onboard":[90,162],"sensors":[91],"commonly":[92],"found":[93],"typical":[95],"UAV":[96],"autopilots.":[97],"core":[99],"object":[100],"detection":[101,172],"algorithm":[102],"based":[104,191],"deep,":[106],"convolutional":[107],"neural":[108,158,183],"networks.":[109],"Since":[110],"task":[112],"domain-specific,":[114],"dedicated":[116],"dataset":[117,129,143],"containing":[120],"was":[124,144],"annotated.":[127],"made":[131],"publicly":[132],"available,":[133],"its":[135],"description":[136],"contained":[138],"paper.":[141],"used":[145],"test":[147],"range":[149],"embedded":[151],"devices":[152],"deployment":[155],"deep":[157],"networks":[159],"for":[160,181],"inference":[161],"UAV.":[164],"results":[166],"measurements":[168],"terms":[170],"accuracy":[173],"processing":[175],"speed":[176],"enclosed,":[178],"recommendations":[180],"network":[184],"model":[185],"hardware":[187],"platform":[188],"given":[190],"obtained":[194],"values.":[195],"complete":[197],"system":[198],"can":[199],"be":[200],"together":[202],"inexpensive,":[204],"off-the-shelf":[205],"components,":[206],"perform":[208],"trash,":[213],"relieving":[214],"human":[215],"personnel":[216],"this":[218],"burdensome":[219],"task,":[220],"automated":[223],"pickup":[224],"planning.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}