{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135155724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050860","title":"New Orthophoto Generation Strategies from UAV and Ground Remote Sensing Platforms for High-Throughput Phenotyping","display_name":"New Orthophoto Generation Strategies from UAV and Ground Remote Sensing Platforms for High-Throughput Phenotyping","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135155724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050860","mag":"3135155724"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13050860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050860","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/860/pdf?version=1614840346","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/860/pdf?version=1614840346","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010621410","display_name":"Yi-Chun Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3564-372X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Chun Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008917725","display_name":"Tian Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6423-4090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034281170","display_name":"Taojun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1885-3864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taojun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002083374","display_name":"Melba M. Crawford","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melba Crawford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051952251","display_name":"Ayman Habib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6498-5951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ayman Habib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051952251"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.5535,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88699134,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"860","last_page":"860"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthophoto","display_name":"Orthophoto","score":0.9289777278900146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geolocation","display_name":"Geolocation","score":0.8263990879058838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7162007689476013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5313257575035095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4570056200027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4008505940437317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.18646934628486633}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922585","display_name":"Orthophoto","level":2,"score":0.9289777278900146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22041718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638949","display_name":"Geolocation","level":2,"score":0.8263990879058838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7162007689476013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5313257575035095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4570056200027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4008505940437317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.18646934628486633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13050860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050860","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/860/pdf?version=1614840346","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d834c8d58d0d484da8a2ad0fe2efe222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d834c8d58d0d484da8a2ad0fe2efe222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 5, p 860 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/5/860/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13050860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 5; Pages: 860","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1768076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1768076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1848209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1848209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13050860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050860","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/860/pdf?version=1614840346","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8998192501","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AR0000593","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135155724.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135155724.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72547327","https://openalex.org/W1528110421","https://openalex.org/W1574436212","https://openalex.org/W1969234587","https://openalex.org/W1982254880","https://openalex.org/W1998211760","https://openalex.org/W2010716361","https://openalex.org/W2027302630","https://openalex.org/W2035206677","https://openalex.org/W2048292156","https://openalex.org/W2058946929","https://openalex.org/W2072176627","https://openalex.org/W2106051475","https://openalex.org/W2125857762","https://openalex.org/W2136208183","https://openalex.org/W2137940195","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2161979821","https://openalex.org/W2215966420","https://openalex.org/W2436494909","https://openalex.org/W2552742159","https://openalex.org/W2770754200","https://openalex.org/W2789776563","https://openalex.org/W2789833233","https://openalex.org/W2791765404","https://openalex.org/W2795059173","https://openalex.org/W2798379399","https://openalex.org/W2897179582","https://openalex.org/W2917035942","https://openalex.org/W2921262059","https://openalex.org/W2945243553","https://openalex.org/W2962782553","https://openalex.org/W2967243480","https://openalex.org/W2993499344","https://openalex.org/W2996041315","https://openalex.org/W3001772727","https://openalex.org/W3004545217","https://openalex.org/W3026300872","https://openalex.org/W3042884769","https://openalex.org/W3088260678","https://openalex.org/W3124054352","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6602956468","https://openalex.org/W6631657161","https://openalex.org/W6683758412","https://openalex.org/W6760228839"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remote":[0],"sensing":[1],"platforms":[2,243],"have":[3],"become":[4],"an":[5,47],"effective":[6],"data":[7,26],"acquisition":[8],"tool":[9],"for":[10,27,86,95,111,131],"digital":[11,168],"agriculture.":[12],"Imaging":[13],"sensors":[14],"onboard":[15],"unmanned":[16],"aerial":[17],"vehicles":[18],"(UAVs)":[19],"and":[20,38,66,92,97,123,134,155,185,204,232,241],"tractors":[21],"are":[22,72,115,129,162,192,206],"providing":[23],"unprecedented":[24],"high-geometric-resolution":[25],"several":[28,59],"crop":[29],"phenotyping":[30],"activities":[31],"(e.g.,":[32,61,90],"canopy":[33],"cover":[34],"estimation,":[35],"plant":[36,179],"localization,":[37],"flowering":[39,88],"date":[40,89],"identification).":[41],"Among":[42],"potential":[43],"products,":[44],"orthophotos":[45,113,212,231,256],"play":[46],"important":[48],"role":[49],"in":[50],"agricultural":[51],"management.":[52],"Traditional":[53],"orthophoto":[54,126],"generation":[55,127],"strategies":[56,110,128,143,161,191,248],"suffer":[57],"from":[58,238],"artifacts":[60],"double":[62,183],"mapping,":[63],"excessive":[64],"pixilation,":[65],"seamline":[67,189,197],"distortions).":[68],"The":[69,125,138,159,208],"above":[70],"problems":[71],"more":[73],"pronounced":[74],"when":[75],"dealing":[76],"with":[77],"mid-":[78],"to":[79,103,117,194],"late-season":[80],"imagery,":[81],"which":[82],"is":[83,144,213],"often":[84],"used":[85],"establishing":[87],"tassel":[91],"panicle":[93],"detection":[94,120],"maize":[96],"sorghum":[98],"crops,":[99],"respectively).":[100],"In":[101],"response":[102],"these":[104,142],"challenges,":[105],"this":[106],"paper":[107],"introduces":[108],"new":[109,160],"generating":[112,165],"that":[114,172,245],"conducive":[116],"the":[118,149,174,178,202,224,229,246,251,259],"straightforward":[119],"of":[121,141,153,210,223,226,254],"tassels":[122,203],"panicles.":[124],"valid":[130],"both":[132,239],"frame":[133],"push-broom":[135],"imaging":[136],"systems.":[137],"target":[139],"function":[140],"striking":[145],"a":[146,166],"balance":[147],"between":[148,228],"improved":[150],"visual":[151,216,252],"appearance":[152],"tassels/panicles":[154],"their":[156],"geolocation":[157,175,260],"accuracy.":[158],"based":[163],"on":[164],"smooth":[167],"surface":[169],"model":[170],"(DSM)":[171],"maintains":[173],"quality":[176,209,253],"along":[177],"rows":[180],"while":[181,257],"reducing":[182],"mapping":[184],"pixilation":[186],"artifacts.":[187],"Moreover,":[188],"control":[190],"applied":[193],"avoid":[195],"having":[196],"distortions":[198],"at":[199,262],"locations":[200],"where":[201],"panicles":[205],"expected.":[207],"generated":[211,230],"evaluated":[214],"through":[215],"inspection":[217],"as":[218,220],"well":[219],"quantitative":[221],"assessment":[222],"degree":[225],"similarity":[227],"original":[233],"images.":[234],"Several":[235],"experimental":[236],"results":[237],"UAV":[240],"ground":[242],"show":[244],"proposed":[247],"do":[249],"improve":[250],"derived":[255],"maintaining":[258],"accuracy":[261],"tassel/panicle":[263],"locations.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}