{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135584886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050843","title":"Can Nighttime Satellite Imagery Inform Our Understanding of Education Inequality?","display_name":"Can Nighttime Satellite Imagery Inform Our Understanding of Education Inequality?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135584886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050843","mag":"3135584886"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13050843","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050843","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/843/pdf?version=1614571752","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/843/pdf?version=1614571752","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000095368","display_name":"Bingxin Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2732-641X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingxin Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Morgridge College of Education, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Morgridge College of Education, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049869650","display_name":"Xuantong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7352-3070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuantong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography & Geographic Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography & Geographic Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017913101","display_name":"Paul C. Sutton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6972-3256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["AU","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Sutton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia","Department of Geography & the Environment, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography & the Environment, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049869650"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.8993,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72456347,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"843","last_page":"843"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9703999757766724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inequality","display_name":"Inequality","score":0.6927708983421326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-development","display_name":"Sustainable development","score":0.5712495446205139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-settlement","display_name":"Human settlement","score":0.5230773091316223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-development","display_name":"Human development (humanity)","score":0.521165132522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.5087011456489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.47054654359817505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-growth","display_name":"Population growth","score":0.4697796702384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","score":0.46454715728759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.44751477241516113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.387920618057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.24340349435806274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2392873764038086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.18392133712768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.14855927228927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11533796787261963}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.6927708983421326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.5712495446205139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16678853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486972","display_name":"Human settlement","level":2,"score":0.5230773091316223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781089502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2917873","display_name":"Human development (humanity)","level":2,"score":0.521165132522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5087011456489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.47054654359817505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77352025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386191","display_name":"Population growth","level":3,"score":0.4697796702384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.46454715728759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.44751477241516113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.387920618057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24340349435806274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2392873764038086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.18392133712768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.14855927228927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11533796787261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13050843","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050843","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/843/pdf?version=1614571752","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au:1885/298874","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1885/298874","pdf_url":"https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstreams/a87989a7-a09b-4cc7-8b6b-4c030b6c9409/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402539","display_name":"ANU Open Research (Australian National University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","host_organization_name":"Australian National University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a79a09b58ae4440c912732f6b5c48674","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a79a09b58ae4440c912732f6b5c48674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 5, p 843 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/5/843/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13050843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13050843","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050843","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/5/843/pdf?version=1614571752","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135584886.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135584886.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W126440465","https://openalex.org/W130596010","https://openalex.org/W201950575","https://openalex.org/W1560371066","https://openalex.org/W1856477973","https://openalex.org/W1909530319","https://openalex.org/W1971410477","https://openalex.org/W1975597243","https://openalex.org/W1977421128","https://openalex.org/W1977568612","https://openalex.org/W1978783675","https://openalex.org/W2000362707","https://openalex.org/W2012997843","https://openalex.org/W2023693832","https://openalex.org/W2025943354","https://openalex.org/W2027369775","https://openalex.org/W2034906331","https://openalex.org/W2041548927","https://openalex.org/W2048914061","https://openalex.org/W2054623088","https://openalex.org/W2058993674","https://openalex.org/W2061223391","https://openalex.org/W2071123066","https://openalex.org/W2071666535","https://openalex.org/W2073122003","https://openalex.org/W2089134580","https://openalex.org/W2089234734","https://openalex.org/W2090207950","https://openalex.org/W2091854509","https://openalex.org/W2094886960","https://openalex.org/W2109005953","https://openalex.org/W2121519719","https://openalex.org/W2151153861","https://openalex.org/W2174486300","https://openalex.org/W2185323152","https://openalex.org/W2412247133","https://openalex.org/W2579551568","https://openalex.org/W2591321389","https://openalex.org/W2617072432","https://openalex.org/W2649137640","https://openalex.org/W2791357706","https://openalex.org/W2900693285","https://openalex.org/W2997306998","https://openalex.org/W3021816315","https://openalex.org/W3095301045","https://openalex.org/W3104335720","https://openalex.org/W3111897233","https://openalex.org/W3121298497","https://openalex.org/W3123943580","https://openalex.org/W3125486191","https://openalex.org/W4246191097","https://openalex.org/W4251849772","https://openalex.org/W4254341157","https://openalex.org/W4322697675","https://openalex.org/W6608224716","https://openalex.org/W6633486186","https://openalex.org/W6657196232","https://openalex.org/W6672873731","https://openalex.org/W6686490820","https://openalex.org/W6729843738"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2972509471","https://openalex.org/W2364895548","https://openalex.org/W2356402638","https://openalex.org/W2365264745","https://openalex.org/W2353867112","https://openalex.org/W4386251295","https://openalex.org/W3148130686","https://openalex.org/W2559886180","https://openalex.org/W2266892131","https://openalex.org/W3151659330"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Education":[0],"is":[1,10],"a":[2],"human":[3,44,81,104],"right,":[4],"and":[5,29,33,46,53,56,76,93],"equal":[6],"access":[7],"to":[8,22,51,85,109],"education":[9,23,57,91,116],"important":[11],"for":[12],"achieving":[13],"sustainable":[14],"development.":[15],"Measuring":[16],"socioeconomic":[17],"development,":[18],"especially":[19],"the":[20,100,111,119],"changes":[21],"inequality,":[24,117],"can":[25,106],"help":[26],"educators,":[27],"practitioners,":[28],"policymakers":[30],"with":[31,78],"decision-":[32],"policy-making.":[34],"This":[35],"article":[36],"presents":[37],"an":[38],"approach":[39],"that":[40,74],"combines":[41],"population":[42],"distribution,":[43],"settlements,":[45],"nighttime":[47],"light":[48],"(NTL)":[49],"data":[50],"assess":[52],"explore":[54],"development":[55,82,105],"inequality":[58,92],"trajectories":[59,122],"at":[60],"national":[61],"levels":[62,83,88],"across":[63],"multiple":[64],"time":[65,127],"periods":[66],"using":[67],"latent":[68],"growth":[69,113],"models":[70],"(LGMs).":[71],"Results":[72],"show":[73],"countries":[75],"regions":[77],"initially":[79],"low":[80],"tend":[84],"have":[86],"higher":[87],"of":[89,96,103,115],"associated":[90],"uneven":[94],"distribution":[95],"urban":[97],"population.":[98],"Additionally,":[99],"initial":[101],"status":[102],"be":[107],"used":[108],"explain":[110],"linear":[112],"rate":[114],"but":[118],"association":[120],"between":[121],"becomes":[123],"less":[124],"significant":[125],"as":[126],"increases.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}