{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135369044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040812","title":"Multi-Feature Fusion for Weak Target Detection on Sea-Surface Based on FAR Controllable Deep Forest Model","display_name":"Multi-Feature Fusion for Weak Target Detection on Sea-Surface Based on FAR Controllable Deep Forest Model","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135369044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040812","mag":"3135369044"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040812","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040812","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/812/pdf?version=1614249150","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/812/pdf?version=1614249150","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082537643","display_name":"Jiahuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7722-6022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiahuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Spaceborne Microwave Remote Sensing System, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","School of Electronics, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Spaceborne Microwave Remote Sensing System, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101459832","display_name":"Hongjun Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0096-3364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjun Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Spaceborne Microwave Remote Sensing System, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Spaceborne Microwave Remote Sensing System, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082537643"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.1303,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7556786,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"812","last_page":"812"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7006780505180359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.675783634185791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5363418459892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.5129110813140869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.508129358291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.49797725677490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4685331881046295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface","display_name":"Surface (topology)","score":0.4623628258705139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44248121976852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.42520102858543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.42150557041168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.41315802931785583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34127092361450195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14524471759796143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.13364094495773315}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7006780505180359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.675783634185791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5363418459892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.5129110813140869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.508129358291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.49797725677490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4685331881046295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4623628258705139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44248121976852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.42520102858543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.42150557041168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41315802931785583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34127092361450195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14524471759796143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.13364094495773315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040812","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040812","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/812/pdf?version=1614249150","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:66da5ee3b65d40a3b43157962ed7d928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/66da5ee3b65d40a3b43157962ed7d928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 812 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/4/812/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 4; Pages: 812","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040812","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040812","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/812/pdf?version=1614249150","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135369044.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135369044.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983834069","https://openalex.org/W1984677318","https://openalex.org/W1986921156","https://openalex.org/W1999145142","https://openalex.org/W2009055754","https://openalex.org/W2011327946","https://openalex.org/W2024369868","https://openalex.org/W2034257660","https://openalex.org/W2064795197","https://openalex.org/W2066141639","https://openalex.org/W2073177450","https://openalex.org/W2076778211","https://openalex.org/W2085733385","https://openalex.org/W2096092115","https://openalex.org/W2099444990","https://openalex.org/W2106199973","https://openalex.org/W2114810571","https://openalex.org/W2115178614","https://openalex.org/W2117892705","https://openalex.org/W2118933659","https://openalex.org/W2123422217","https://openalex.org/W2128073546","https://openalex.org/W2128109106","https://openalex.org/W2140515654","https://openalex.org/W2144158572","https://openalex.org/W2145916829","https://openalex.org/W2156650489","https://openalex.org/W2383731381","https://openalex.org/W2416657781","https://openalex.org/W2592340788","https://openalex.org/W2805777666","https://openalex.org/W2900741051","https://openalex.org/W2940914944","https://openalex.org/W2947256382","https://openalex.org/W2993693427","https://openalex.org/W2996773698","https://openalex.org/W2998102618","https://openalex.org/W3008530473","https://openalex.org/W3085457021","https://openalex.org/W3109946333","https://openalex.org/W3121076645","https://openalex.org/W6632241090","https://openalex.org/W6776421681","https://openalex.org/W6875619956","https://openalex.org/W7053251181"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2315571023","https://openalex.org/W1554902475","https://openalex.org/W3214387023","https://openalex.org/W2037020488","https://openalex.org/W1983393909","https://openalex.org/W3014790571","https://openalex.org/W2787112065","https://openalex.org/W1994696302","https://openalex.org/W2040150569","https://openalex.org/W2468095590"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Target":[0],"detection":[1,13,83,115,130,169,177],"on":[2,75,87,110,175,181],"the":[3,12,20,25,50,53,88,92,96,106,114,124,128,134,146,149,164,176,182],"sea-surface":[4],"has":[5],"always":[6],"been":[7],"a":[8,65,167,172],"high-profile":[9],"problem,":[10],"and":[11,24,56,81,113,163],"of":[14,19,41,52,84,105,133,148,166,178],"weak":[15,85,179],"targets":[16,86,180],"is":[17,91,142],"one":[18],"most":[21,151],"difficult":[22],"problems":[23],"key":[26],"issue":[27],"under":[28],"this":[29,101],"problem.":[30],"Traditional":[31],"techniques,":[32],"such":[33],"as":[34],"imaging,":[35],"cannot":[36],"effectively":[37],"detect":[38],"these":[39],"types":[40],"targets,":[42],"so":[43],"researchers":[44],"choose":[45],"to":[46],"start":[47],"by":[48],"mining":[49],"characteristics":[51],"received":[54],"echoes":[55],"other":[57,120],"aspects":[58],"for":[59,79],"target":[60],"detection.":[61],"This":[62,90],"paper":[63],"proposes":[64],"false":[66],"alarm":[67],"rate":[68,132],"(FAR)":[69],"controllable":[70],"deep":[71,97],"forest":[72,98],"model":[73,99,107],"based":[74],"six-dimensional":[76],"feature":[77],"space":[78],"efficient":[80],"accurate":[82],"sea-surface.":[89,183],"first":[93],"attempt":[94],"at":[95],"in":[100],"field.":[102],"The":[103],"validity":[104],"was":[108,117],"verified":[109],"IPIX":[111],"data,":[112],"probability":[116],"compared":[118],"with":[119],"proposed":[121,135],"methods.":[122],"Under":[123],"same":[125],"FAR":[126],"condition,":[127],"average":[129],"accuracy":[131],"method":[136,153],"could":[137],"reach":[138],"over":[139],"99.19%,":[140],"which":[141],"9.96%":[143],"better":[144],"than":[145],"results":[147,158],"current":[150],"advanced":[152],"(K-NN":[154],"FAR-controlled":[155],"Detector).":[156],"Experimental":[157],"show":[159],"that":[160],"multi-feature":[161],"fusion":[162],"use":[165],"suitable":[168],"framework":[170],"have":[171],"positive":[173],"effect":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}