{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3129544296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040808","title":"Deep Learning-Based Semantic Segmentation of Urban Features in Satellite Images: A Review and Meta-Analysis","display_name":"Deep Learning-Based Semantic Segmentation of Urban Features in Satellite Images: A Review and Meta-Analysis","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3129544296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040808","mag":"3129544296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040808","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040808","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/808/pdf?version=1614071841","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/808/pdf?version=1614071841","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007445923","display_name":"Bipul Neupane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5331-9897"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bipul Neupane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Geospatial Technology Research Unit, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, 131 Moo 5, Tiwanon Road, Bangkadi, Mueang Pathumthani, Pathumthani 12000, Thailand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Geospatial Technology Research Unit, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, 131 Moo 5, Tiwanon Road, Bangkadi, Mueang Pathumthani, Pathumthani 12000, Thailand","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011630316","display_name":"Teerayut Horanont","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3452-8845"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Teerayut Horanont","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information, Computer, and Communication Technology (ICT), Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, 131 Moo 5, Tiwanon Road, Bangkadi, Mueang Pathumthani, Pathumthani 12000, Thailand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information, Computer, and Communication Technology (ICT), Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, 131 Moo 5, Tiwanon Road, Bangkadi, Mueang Pathumthani, Pathumthani 12000, Thailand","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084255329","display_name":"Jagannath Aryal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-2127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jagannath Aryal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011630316"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":20.4685,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":228,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99590286,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"808","last_page":"808"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8107303380966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.773052453994751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6827243566513062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.6083077788352966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6069514751434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5284726023674011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.34901362657546997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.07369276881217957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8107303380966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.773052453994751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6827243566513062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.6083077788352966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6069514751434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5284726023674011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.34901362657546997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.07369276881217957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040808","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040808","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/808/pdf?version=1614071841","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:jupiter.its.unimelb.edu.au:11343/274529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11343/274529","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11343/274529","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196259","display_name":"Minerva Access (University of Melbourne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","host_organization_name":"The University of Melbourne","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:286d935d88aa44e3b41a80392467495d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/286d935d88aa44e3b41a80392467495d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 808 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/4/808/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040808","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 4; Pages: 808","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040808","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040808","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/808/pdf?version=1614071841","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8638658833","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Thammasat University Research Fund under the TU Research Scholar, Contract No. 6/2562.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323439","funder_display_name":"Thammasat University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323439","display_name":"Thammasat University","ror":"https://ror.org/002yp7f20"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3129544296.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3129544296.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":178,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W114517082","https://openalex.org/W1518901052","https://openalex.org/W1538131130","https://openalex.org/W1648556314","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1696305814","https://openalex.org/W1745334888","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1909515874","https://openalex.org/W1937812750","https://openalex.org/W1963772737","https://openalex.org/W1970102256","https://openalex.org/W1973028189","https://openalex.org/W1975849520","https://openalex.org/W1982693093","https://openalex.org/W1984850722","https://openalex.org/W1999478155","https://openalex.org/W2010735452","https://openalex.org/W2022508996","https://openalex.org/W2024339093","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2056435747","https://openalex.org/W2057565606","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2099831943","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2103391250","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2115687400","https://openalex.org/W2117519593","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2119879130","https://openalex.org/W2123907688","https://openalex.org/W2124592697","https://openalex.org/W2130269771","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2138451480","https://openalex.org/W2145094598","https://openalex.org/W2147258346","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2148100764","https://openalex.org/W2148137306","https://openalex.org/W2153633422","https://openalex.org/W2156419436","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2168809519","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2205800717","https://openalex.org/W2322480645","https://openalex.org/W2395579298","https://openalex.org/W2404400986","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2416190443","https://openalex.org/W2464273353","https://openalex.org/W2469938794","https://openalex.org/W2473156356","https://openalex.org/W2473418274","https://openalex.org/W2478918839","https://openalex.org/W2480078828","https://openalex.org/W2484692031","https://openalex.org/W2487060287","https://openalex.org/W2494341560","https://openalex.org/W2527276685","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2563705555","https://openalex.org/W2604086375","https://openalex.org/W2604194943","https://openalex.org/W2606788270","https://openalex.org/W2607786368","https://openalex.org/W2610528085","https://openalex.org/W2613201584","https://openalex.org/W2616755213","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2618943282","https://openalex.org/W2624423843","https://openalex.org/W2737129951","https://openalex.org/W2738232694","https://openalex.org/W2750722971","https://openalex.org/W2760340275","https://openalex.org/W2762941833","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2771404974","https://openalex.org/W2777427437","https://openalex.org/W2778539913","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2785885239","https://openalex.org/W2790482089","https://openalex.org/W2794948653","https://openalex.org/W2799924016","https://openalex.org/W2800002789","https://openalex.org/W2804532080","https://openalex.org/W2808586699","https://openalex.org/W2814568980","https://openalex.org/W2883423620","https://openalex.org/W2886397424","https://openalex.org/W2886742956","https://openalex.org/W2887280559","https://openalex.org/W2890859091","https://openalex.org/W2893202425","https://openalex.org/W2894369069","https://openalex.org/W2897936062","https://openalex.org/W2899247264","https://openalex.org/W2901442382","https://openalex.org/W2902252421","https://openalex.org/W2902540630","https://openalex.org/W2908020915","https://openalex.org/W2908753233","https://openalex.org/W2909156520","https://openalex.org/W2910306855","https://openalex.org/W2912361013","https://openalex.org/W2915731581","https://openalex.org/W2915971115","https://openalex.org/W2918958705","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2936703070","https://openalex.org/W2940726923","https://openalex.org/W2943227603","https://openalex.org/W2945528352","https://openalex.org/W2949847866","https://openalex.org/W2951277909","https://openalex.org/W2954896312","https://openalex.org/W2963294354","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963563573","https://openalex.org/W2963659230","https://openalex.org/W2963803205","https://openalex.org/W2963859992","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2963958441","https://openalex.org/W2963995737","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2965383240","https://openalex.org/W2966450079","https://openalex.org/W2970904865","https://openalex.org/W2971095420","https://openalex.org/W2980522727","https://openalex.org/W2990392801","https://openalex.org/W2994434065","https://openalex.org/W2997574889","https://openalex.org/W3006253515","https://openalex.org/W3007268491","https://openalex.org/W3008156909","https://openalex.org/W3011248632","https://openalex.org/W3012610736","https://openalex.org/W3023344188","https://openalex.org/W3025050498","https://openalex.org/W3045828591","https://openalex.org/W3045959427","https://openalex.org/W3048097892","https://openalex.org/W3091811842","https://openalex.org/W3099663315","https://openalex.org/W3100006985","https://openalex.org/W3100521496","https://openalex.org/W3100561351","https://openalex.org/W3101896960","https://openalex.org/W3105127913","https://openalex.org/W3105672835","https://openalex.org/W3106860957","https://openalex.org/W3122507398","https://openalex.org/W4234971943","https://openalex.org/W4255421341","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6607775107","https://openalex.org/W6622964371","https://openalex.org/W6632100814","https://openalex.org/W6646572973","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6675252512","https://openalex.org/W6675885416","https://openalex.org/W6681096077","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6713658583","https://openalex.org/W6721538791"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2012531322","https://openalex.org/W2402761219","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W2785900585","https://openalex.org/W2353730437","https://openalex.org/W2490303674","https://openalex.org/W2609066826","https://openalex.org/W2810752900","https://openalex.org/W2365677836"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Availability":[0],"of":[1,9,17,38,46,53,74,118,132],"very":[2],"high-resolution":[3],"remote":[4,59],"sensing":[5,60],"images":[6],"and":[7,22,36,64,84,96,99,105],"advancement":[8],"deep":[10,26,47,109],"learning":[11,110],"methods":[12,24,81,115],"have":[13],"shifted":[14],"the":[15,39,43],"paradigm":[16],"image":[18],"classification":[19],"from":[20],"pixel-based":[21],"object-based":[23],"to":[25,68],"learning-based":[27,48],"semantic":[28,49],"segmentation.":[29,50],"This":[30],"shift":[31],"demands":[32],"a":[33,66],"structured":[34],"analysis":[35],"revision":[37],"current":[40],"status":[41],"on":[42,57,89],"research":[44,75,133],"domain":[45],"The":[51],"focus":[52],"this":[54,135],"paper":[55],"is":[56],"urban":[58],"images.":[61],"We":[62],"review":[63,104],"perform":[65],"meta-analysis":[67,106],"juxtapose":[69],"recent":[70],"papers":[71],"in":[72,116,134],"terms":[73,117],"problems,":[76],"data":[77,79],"source,":[78],"preparation":[80],"including":[82],"pre-processing":[83],"augmentation":[85],"techniques,":[86],"training":[87],"details":[88],"architectures,":[90],"backbones,":[91],"frameworks,":[92],"optimizers,":[93],"loss":[94],"functions":[95],"other":[97],"hyper-parameters":[98],"performance":[100],"comparison.":[101],"Our":[102],"detailed":[103],"show":[107],"that":[108],"not":[111],"only":[112],"outperforms":[113],"traditional":[114],"accuracy,":[119],"but":[120],"also":[121],"addresses":[122],"several":[123],"challenges":[124],"previously":[125],"faced.":[126],"Further,":[127],"we":[128],"provide":[129],"future":[130],"directions":[131],"domain.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2021-03-01T00:00:00"}
