{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3129478385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040735","title":"Passive Remote Sensing of Ice Cloud Properties at Terahertz Wavelengths Based on Genetic Algorithm","display_name":"Passive Remote Sensing of Ice Cloud Properties at Terahertz Wavelengths Based on Genetic Algorithm","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3129478385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040735","mag":"3129478385"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040735","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/735/pdf?version=1613728949","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/735/pdf?version=1613728949","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100349600","display_name":"Liu L","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9330-4315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018585124","display_name":"Chensi Weng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4971-0372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chensi Weng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056474824","display_name":"Shulei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2201-9699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shulei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072576421","display_name":"Husi Letu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7336-8872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Letu Husi","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, The Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, The Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109492706","display_name":"Shuai Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040479777","display_name":"Pingyi Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4302-6062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pingyi Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100349600"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.7102,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93330952,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"735","last_page":"735"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11320","display_name":"Atmospheric Ozone and Climate","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-cloud","display_name":"Ice cloud","score":0.7544940710067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.675244927406311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness-temperature","display_name":"Brightness temperature","score":0.6319162249565125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inversion","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","score":0.5683430433273315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness","display_name":"Brightness","score":0.5667893290519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.5064812898635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sky-brightness","display_name":"Sky brightness","score":0.4846263825893402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terahertz-radiation","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","score":0.47488826513290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiative-transfer","display_name":"Radiative transfer","score":0.45195430517196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-radiative-transfer-codes","display_name":"Atmospheric radiative transfer codes","score":0.4345897138118744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-water-path","display_name":"Liquid water path","score":0.4105321764945984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36768391728401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.36108332872390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3526368737220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3515164852142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2520033121109009}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776120014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12119193","display_name":"Ice cloud","level":3,"score":0.7544940710067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.675244927406311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53802167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4538627","display_name":"Brightness temperature","level":3,"score":0.6319162249565125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.5683430433273315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.5667893290519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.5064812898635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193212914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7537571","display_name":"Sky brightness","level":3,"score":0.4846263825893402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107816215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647887","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","level":2,"score":0.47488826513290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.45195430517196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2353151","display_name":"Atmospheric radiative transfer codes","level":3,"score":0.4345897138118744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778516841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6557487","display_name":"Liquid water path","level":3,"score":0.4105321764945984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36768391728401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.36108332872390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3526368737220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3515164852142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2520033121109009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040735","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/735/pdf?version=1613728949","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:53a750b3ffa64e0f9651ca56b1b30930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/53a750b3ffa64e0f9651ca56b1b30930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 735 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/4/735/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 4; Pages: 735","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040735","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/735/pdf?version=1613728949","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8044916219","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41875025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3129478385.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3129478385.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W298622344","https://openalex.org/W1492417045","https://openalex.org/W1641999574","https://openalex.org/W1672771901","https://openalex.org/W1974376127","https://openalex.org/W2010639102","https://openalex.org/W2011478983","https://openalex.org/W2039050731","https://openalex.org/W2045276693","https://openalex.org/W2062710439","https://openalex.org/W2076311057","https://openalex.org/W2079454091","https://openalex.org/W2096590200","https://openalex.org/W2120255207","https://openalex.org/W2129647991","https://openalex.org/W2133151341","https://openalex.org/W2135973421","https://openalex.org/W2138311249","https://openalex.org/W2160625059","https://openalex.org/W2161112134","https://openalex.org/W2174485129","https://openalex.org/W2175576470","https://openalex.org/W2505244635","https://openalex.org/W2510821824","https://openalex.org/W2526630573","https://openalex.org/W2547249475","https://openalex.org/W2553780501","https://openalex.org/W2694869475","https://openalex.org/W2762349719","https://openalex.org/W2796172739","https://openalex.org/W2802696788","https://openalex.org/W2894274310","https://openalex.org/W2905173094","https://openalex.org/W2943634152","https://openalex.org/W2966565459","https://openalex.org/W3112114300","https://openalex.org/W3113557437","https://openalex.org/W4206050372","https://openalex.org/W6729448118"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033011986","https://openalex.org/W2128993439","https://openalex.org/W2114856580","https://openalex.org/W3047325181","https://openalex.org/W3143274352","https://openalex.org/W2042943922","https://openalex.org/W4251071582","https://openalex.org/W2016613348","https://openalex.org/W2917267944","https://openalex.org/W2112864752"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ice":[0],"clouds":[1,64],"play":[2],"a":[3,88,127,146,205],"critical":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,19,44,74,81],"the":[7,10,20,34,45,48,59,82,101,104,107,112,117,138,155,160,165,173,180,189,194,200,217,222,230,238,242,253,257,269,273],"balance":[8],"of":[9,47,50,62,90,103,106,179,229,241,256,272],"earth\u2013atmosphere":[11],"radiation":[12],"system,":[13],"but":[14],"there":[15],"are":[16,86,96],"some":[17],"limitations":[18],"existing":[21],"remote":[22,60],"sensing":[23,61],"methods":[24],"for":[25,37,58,123],"ice":[26,39,52,63,156,166,244,259],"clouds.":[27],"Terahertz":[28],"wave":[29],"is":[30,72,131,169,183,233,250,262,277],"expected":[31,223],"to":[32,99,136,153],"be":[33],"best":[35],"waveband":[36],"retrieving":[38],"clouds,":[40],"with":[41],"terahertz":[42,66,83,213],"wavelengths":[43,67,214],"order":[46],"size":[49],"typical":[51],"cloud":[53,125,157,231],"particles.":[54],"An":[55],"inversion":[56,151,181,210],"method":[57,211],"at":[65,204,212,265],"based":[68,110,171,215],"on":[69,111,172,216],"genetic":[70,174,218],"algorithm":[71,219],"proposed":[73,209],"this":[75],"paper.":[76],"First,":[77],"suitable":[78],"channel":[79],"sets":[80],"band,":[84],"which":[85],"mainly":[87],"combination":[89],"absorption":[91],"lines":[92],"and":[93,145,164,176,237,268],"window":[94],"regions,":[95],"determined.":[97],"Then,":[98],"improve":[100],"efficiency":[102],"generation":[105],"retrieval":[108],"database,":[109],"brightness":[113,139,201],"temperature":[114,140,202],"simulated":[115],"by":[116,193],"atmospheric":[118],"radiative":[119],"transfer":[120],"simulator":[121],"(ARTS)":[122],"different":[124],"parameters,":[126],"fast":[128],"forward":[129,190],"operator":[130],"constructed":[132,192],"using":[133],"three-dimensional":[134],"interpolation":[135],"simulate":[137],"difference":[141,203],"between":[142],"clear":[143],"sky":[144],"cloudy":[147],"scene.":[148],"Finally,":[149],"an":[150,177],"model":[152],"retrieve":[154],"base":[158],"height,":[159],"effective":[161,274],"particle":[162,275],"diameter":[163,276],"water":[167,245,260],"path":[168,246,261],"established":[170],"algorithm,":[175],"analysis":[178],"errors":[182],"performed.":[184],"The":[185,208,226],"results":[186],"show":[187],"that":[188],"operator,":[191],"nearest":[195],"interpolation,":[196],"can":[197,220],"accurately":[198],"calculate":[199],"high":[206,258],"speed.":[207],"achieve":[221],"scientific":[224],"requirement.":[225],"absolute":[227,239,270],"error":[228,240,255,271],"height":[232],"around":[234,266,279],"0.2":[235],"km,":[236],"low":[243],"(below":[247],"20":[248],"g/m2)":[249],"small,":[251],"while":[252],"relative":[254],"generally":[263],"maintained":[264],"10%,":[267],"mostly":[278],"4":[280],"\u03bcm.":[281]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
