{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3130914607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040733","title":"Automated Characterization of Yardangs Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"Automated Characterization of Yardangs Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3130914607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040733","mag":"3130914607"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040733","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/733/pdf?version=1613560368","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/733/pdf?version=1613560368","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067079427","display_name":"Bowen Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3109-1772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bowen Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016221619","display_name":"Ninghua Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9401-9711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ninghua Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056842687","display_name":"Thomas Blaschke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1860-8458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Blaschke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geoinformatics\u2014Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geoinformatics\u2014Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054307870","display_name":"Chase Q. Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chase Q. Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102-1982, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100611366","display_name":"Jianyu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2354-0240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109544","display_name":"Second Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01tkb7c15","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109544"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109544","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006218098","display_name":"Yaochen Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5039-2781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaochen Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001107451","display_name":"Xiaoping Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8702-1813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoping Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069094261","display_name":"Zhenhong Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9449-0415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhong Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016221619"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.0089,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71052921,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"733","last_page":"733"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12383","display_name":"Aeolian processes and effects","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12383","display_name":"Aeolian processes and effects","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10017","display_name":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeolian-processes","display_name":"Aeolian processes","score":0.7967445850372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.598919153213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landform","display_name":"Landform","score":0.5936927795410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5518591403961182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5423648357391357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37740442156791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34127137064933777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.21434080600738525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180093795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215839","display_name":"Aeolian processes","level":2,"score":0.7967445850372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.598919153213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108497213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271669","display_name":"Landform","level":2,"score":0.5936927795410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5518591403961182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5423648357391357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37740442156791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34127137064933777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.21434080600738525}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040733","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/733/pdf?version=1613560368","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f7d3521b652948c09ea1e18d1ed562d2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f7d3521b652948c09ea1e18d1ed562d2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 733 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/4/733/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040733","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/733/pdf?version=1613560368","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1900378374","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFC140090","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2376276132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3610535442","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1609202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4664247128","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019QNA30","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4844774689","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019QNA3013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6048935424","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41372205","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6308724445","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFC1400903","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7726157001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8114646031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016Y","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G850960841","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFC","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8951484681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130914607.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130914607.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W66750354","https://openalex.org/W592081968","https://openalex.org/W1481451809","https://openalex.org/W1572667926","https://openalex.org/W1604906652","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1912954554","https://openalex.org/W1984792953","https://openalex.org/W1994383796","https://openalex.org/W1997278889","https://openalex.org/W2000758494","https://openalex.org/W2023640435","https://openalex.org/W2027319190","https://openalex.org/W2044681897","https://openalex.org/W2058306941","https://openalex.org/W2070819275","https://openalex.org/W2098676252","https://openalex.org/W2118756431","https://openalex.org/W2122993896","https://openalex.org/W2146823722","https://openalex.org/W2179290474","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2222985393","https://openalex.org/W2253590344","https://openalex.org/W2412588858","https://openalex.org/W2548390752","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2576938664","https://openalex.org/W2583491955","https://openalex.org/W2610166850","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2751694392","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2764143596","https://openalex.org/W2775795276","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2795484915","https://openalex.org/W2800457794","https://openalex.org/W2888145355","https://openalex.org/W2891905436","https://openalex.org/W2892643799","https://openalex.org/W2899944658","https://openalex.org/W2903009718","https://openalex.org/W2909555159","https://openalex.org/W2912361013","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2962872526","https://openalex.org/W2963093690","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2973030380","https://openalex.org/W2976104066","https://openalex.org/W2977144840","https://openalex.org/W2983342848","https://openalex.org/W2984926827","https://openalex.org/W2990446629","https://openalex.org/W2998329516","https://openalex.org/W3000106830","https://openalex.org/W3000627240","https://openalex.org/W3005301409","https://openalex.org/W3007407994","https://openalex.org/W3040988483","https://openalex.org/W3104341624","https://openalex.org/W3132220843","https://openalex.org/W4249928290","https://openalex.org/W4299692332","https://openalex.org/W6631190200","https://openalex.org/W6681511794"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3178049752","https://openalex.org/W2373784975","https://openalex.org/W2606531105","https://openalex.org/W4385704418","https://openalex.org/W2367991724","https://openalex.org/W1667702539","https://openalex.org/W2393559370","https://openalex.org/W2381491981","https://openalex.org/W2355571510","https://openalex.org/W2390809779"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,126,163],"morphological":[1,218],"characteristics":[2],"of":[3,42,63,74,148,154,158,169,178,184,208,216,222],"yardangs":[4,43,61,75,93,116,187,207],"are":[5,62,83],"the":[6,11,37,55,130,139,142,185,214,217],"direct":[7],"evidence":[8],"that":[9,66,197],"reveals":[10],"wind":[12,31],"and":[13,33,39,51,96,114,141,150,160,192,211,219],"fluvial":[14],"erosion":[15],"for":[16,71,91,152,213],"lacustrine":[17],"sediments":[18],"in":[19,28,76,85,129],"arid":[20],"areas.":[21,78],"These":[22],"features":[23],"can":[24,188],"be":[25,69,189],"critical":[26],"indicators":[27],"reconstructing":[29],"local":[30],"directions":[32],"environment":[34],"conditions.":[35],"Thus,":[36],"fast":[38],"accurate":[40],"extraction":[41],"is":[44,135,200],"key":[45],"to":[46,59,111,137,204],"studying":[47],"their":[48],"regional":[49],"distribution":[50],"evolution":[52],"process.":[53],"However,":[54],"existing":[56],"automated":[57],"methods":[58],"characterize":[60,205],"limited":[64],"generalization":[65],"may":[67],"only":[68],"feasible":[70],"specific":[72],"types":[73,210],"certain":[77],"Deep":[79],"learning":[80],"methods,":[81],"which":[82],"superior":[84],"representation":[86],"learning,":[87],"provide":[88],"potential":[89],"solutions":[90],"mapping":[92],"with":[94],"complex":[95],"variable":[97],"features.":[98],"In":[99],"this":[100],"study,":[101],"we":[102],"apply":[103],"Mask":[104,198],"region-based":[105],"convolutional":[106],"neural":[107],"networks":[108],"(Mask":[109],"R-CNN)":[110],"automatically":[112],"delineate":[113],"classify":[115],"using":[117],"very":[118],"high":[119],"spatial":[120],"resolution":[121],"images":[122,168],"from":[123],"Google":[124],"Earth.":[125],"yardang":[127],"field":[128],"Qaidam":[131],"Basin,":[132],"northwestern":[133],"China":[134],"selected":[136],"conduct":[138],"experiments":[140],"method":[143],"yields":[144],"mean":[145],"average":[146],"precisions":[147],"0.869":[149],"0.671":[151],"intersection":[153],"union":[155],"(IoU)":[156],"thresholds":[157],"0.5":[159],"0.75,":[161],"respectively.":[162],"manual":[164],"validation":[165],"results":[166],"on":[167],"additional":[170],"study":[171],"sites":[172],"show":[173],"an":[174],"overall":[175],"detection":[176],"accuracy":[177],"74%,":[179],"while":[180],"more":[181],"than":[182],"90%":[183],"detected":[186],"correctly":[190],"classified":[191],"delineated.":[193],"We":[194],"then":[195],"conclude":[196],"R-CNN":[199],"a":[201],"robust":[202],"model":[203],"multi-scale":[206],"various":[209],"allows":[212],"research":[215],"evolutionary":[220],"aspects":[221],"aeolian":[223],"landform.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
