{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3132425623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040723","title":"Optimising the Complex Refractive Index Model for Estimating the Permittivity of Heterogeneous Concrete Models","display_name":"Optimising the Complex Refractive Index Model for Estimating the Permittivity of Heterogeneous Concrete Models","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3132425623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040723","mag":"3132425623"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040723","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/723/pdf?version=1613481210","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/723/pdf?version=1613481210","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056899372","display_name":"Hossain Zadhoush","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4466-1164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hossain Zadhoush","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002239686","display_name":"Antonios Giannopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7108-6997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonios Giannopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067068217","display_name":"Iraklis Giannakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7672-8992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iraklis Giannakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056899372"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.6024,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88311491,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"723","last_page":"723"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permittivity","display_name":"Permittivity","score":0.8478103280067444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.8214776515960693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-difference-time-domain-method","display_name":"Finite-difference time-domain method","score":0.5868111848831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5530529618263245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","score":0.4984557628631592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric-permittivity","display_name":"Dielectric permittivity","score":0.47003433108329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric","display_name":"Dielectric","score":0.46163177490234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractive-index","display_name":"Refractive index","score":0.44269272685050964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.36477646231651306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3321373462677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.29817336797714233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.197890043258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1797693371772766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1047760546207428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.0853416919708252}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168651791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211569","display_name":"Permittivity","level":3,"score":0.8478103280067444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.8214776515960693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184880428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417308","display_name":"Finite-difference time-domain method","level":2,"score":0.5868111848831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5530529618263245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.4984557628631592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986736532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211569","display_name":"Dielectric permittivity","level":4,"score":0.47003433108329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.46163177490234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42067758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174102","display_name":"Refractive index","level":2,"score":0.44269272685050964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.36477646231651306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3321373462677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.29817336797714233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.197890043258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1797693371772766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1047760546207428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.0853416919708252}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040723","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/723/pdf?version=1613481210","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/0b1215c0-8e01-4aff-b779-1b966a35c141","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/0b1215c0-8e01-4aff-b779-1b966a35c141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Zadhoush, H, Giannopoulos, A & Giannakis, I 2021, 'Optimizing the Complex Refractive Index Model For Estimating The Permittivity of Heterogeneous Concrete Models', Remote Sensing, vol. 13, no. 4, 723. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040723","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aura.abdn.ac.uk:2164/16248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2164/16248","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400966","display_name":"Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","host_organization_name":"University of Aberdeen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7432bbea33cb4cdc9b07eeeffa67e890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7432bbea33cb4cdc9b07eeeffa67e890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 723 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/4/723/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 4; Pages: 723","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/0b1215c0-8e01-4aff-b779-1b966a35c141","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820/0b1215c0-8e01-4aff-b779-1b966a35c141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040723","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040723","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/723/pdf?version=1613481210","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3523897345","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"unknown","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320332","funder_display_name":"University of Edinburgh"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320332","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3132425623.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3132425623.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W596928057","https://openalex.org/W865857390","https://openalex.org/W1498712972","https://openalex.org/W1733802690","https://openalex.org/W1973399018","https://openalex.org/W1977830813","https://openalex.org/W1985261292","https://openalex.org/W1987240475","https://openalex.org/W1998742682","https://openalex.org/W1998977859","https://openalex.org/W2000493310","https://openalex.org/W2013416548","https://openalex.org/W2021295775","https://openalex.org/W2024557266","https://openalex.org/W2024904870","https://openalex.org/W2026298726","https://openalex.org/W2028239649","https://openalex.org/W2028466567","https://openalex.org/W2030587715","https://openalex.org/W2039458843","https://openalex.org/W2044464908","https://openalex.org/W2044927495","https://openalex.org/W2045251026","https://openalex.org/W2049877288","https://openalex.org/W2049927630","https://openalex.org/W2053790634","https://openalex.org/W2066462894","https://openalex.org/W2068858525","https://openalex.org/W2075250815","https://openalex.org/W2075873380","https://openalex.org/W2076688813","https://openalex.org/W2076958979","https://openalex.org/W2077014039","https://openalex.org/W2085269008","https://openalex.org/W2085542789","https://openalex.org/W2085715769","https://openalex.org/W2087368100","https://openalex.org/W2087394381","https://openalex.org/W2092972248","https://openalex.org/W2099672931","https://openalex.org/W2100369874","https://openalex.org/W2108676232","https://openalex.org/W2122238162","https://openalex.org/W2127881845","https://openalex.org/W2141442504","https://openalex.org/W2142063750","https://openalex.org/W2146417124","https://openalex.org/W2147636064","https://openalex.org/W2147908267","https://openalex.org/W2152318224","https://openalex.org/W2152639067","https://openalex.org/W2155411643","https://openalex.org/W2158291572","https://openalex.org/W2167631748","https://openalex.org/W2171456509","https://openalex.org/W2202811667","https://openalex.org/W2475685790","https://openalex.org/W2487475752","https://openalex.org/W2518909974","https://openalex.org/W2612530500","https://openalex.org/W2622838220","https://openalex.org/W2741921116","https://openalex.org/W2792720842","https://openalex.org/W2893824312","https://openalex.org/W2901206390","https://openalex.org/W2908902700","https://openalex.org/W2912548519","https://openalex.org/W2914948879","https://openalex.org/W2954681201","https://openalex.org/W2985302978","https://openalex.org/W3000689857","https://openalex.org/W4236960299","https://openalex.org/W6629924883","https://openalex.org/W6671783958","https://openalex.org/W6681867844","https://openalex.org/W6685286781"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2513278879","https://openalex.org/W2620353957","https://openalex.org/W2061347359","https://openalex.org/W2061952983","https://openalex.org/W2093867097","https://openalex.org/W2544449737","https://openalex.org/W2088995601","https://openalex.org/W4382790298","https://openalex.org/W1980242998","https://openalex.org/W1589652769"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Estimating":[0],"the":[1,8,37,43,76,90,120,127,142,146,157,162,173],"permittivity":[2,9,45,97,136,175],"of":[3,10,14,46,59,93,98,119,145,172,176],"heterogeneous":[4,47],"mixtures":[5],"based":[6,63],"on":[7,64],"their":[11],"components":[12,106],"is":[13,36,61,83,86,100,137,154],"high":[15],"importance":[16],"with":[17,102,168],"many":[18],"applications":[19],"in":[20,26,29],"ground":[21],"penetrating":[22],"radar":[23],"(GPR)":[24],"and":[25,49,113,166],"electrodynamics-based":[27],"sensing":[28],"general.":[30],"Complex":[31],"Refractive":[32],"Index":[33],"Model":[34],"(CRIM)":[35],"most":[38],"mainstream":[39],"approach":[40],"for":[41,54,88],"estimating":[42],"bulk":[44,96,135,174],"materials":[48,122],"has":[50,70],"been":[51,72],"widely":[52],"applied":[53],"GPR":[55],"applications.":[56],"The":[57,95,132],"popularity":[58],"CRIM":[60,147,159],"primarily":[62],"its":[65,68,105],"simplicity":[66],"while":[67],"accuracy":[69],"never":[71],"rigorously":[73],"tested.":[74],"In":[75],"current":[77],"study,":[78],"an":[79],"optimised":[80],"shape":[81,143,164],"factor":[82,144,165],"derived":[84],"that":[85,156],"fine-tuned":[87],"modelling":[89],"dielectric":[91],"properties":[92],"concrete.":[94,177],"concrete":[99],"expressed":[101],"respect":[103],"to":[104,140],"i.e.,":[107],"aggregate":[108],"particles,":[109,111],"cement":[110],"air-voids":[112],"volumetric":[114],"water":[115],"fraction.":[116],"Different":[117],"combinations":[118],"above":[121],"are":[123],"accurately":[124],"modelled":[125],"using":[126,150],"Finite-Difference":[128],"Time-Domain":[129],"(FDTD)":[130],"method.":[131],"numerically":[133],"estimated":[134],"then":[138],"used":[139],"fine-tune":[141],"model.":[148],"Then,":[149],"laboratory":[151],"measurements":[152],"it":[153],"shown":[155],"revised":[158],"model":[160],"over-performs":[161],"default":[163],"provides":[167],"more":[169],"accurate":[170],"estimations":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-06T07:47:59.780226","created_date":"2021-03-01T00:00:00"}