{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3130858219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040648","title":"Exploring the Impact of Noise on Hybrid Inversion of PROSAIL RTM on Sentinel-2 Data","display_name":"Exploring the Impact of Noise on Hybrid Inversion of PROSAIL RTM on Sentinel-2 Data","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3130858219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040648","mag":"3130858219"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040648","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/648/pdf?version=1613961362","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/648/pdf?version=1613961362","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085193302","display_name":"Nuno C\u00e9sar de S\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7035-5913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nuno C\u00e9sar de S\u00e1","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038925727","display_name":"Mitra Baratchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1279-9310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mitra Baratchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9512, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9512, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070093007","display_name":"Leon T. Hauser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1408-9942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leon T. Hauser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022848706","display_name":"Peter M. van Bodegom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0771-4500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter van Bodegom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085193302"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":5.2856,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95818754,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"648","last_page":"648"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10266","display_name":"Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6669265031814575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5887138843536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5237338542938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5042330026626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-noise","display_name":"Gaussian noise","score":0.4931887984275818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.44267627596855164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3485104441642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.26581740379333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.15470033884048462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.08566084504127502}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6669265031814575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5887138843536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5237338542938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5042330026626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4199805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725903","display_name":"Gaussian noise","level":2,"score":0.4931887984275818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.44267627596855164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3485104441642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26581740379333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.15470033884048462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.08566084504127502}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040648","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/648/pdf?version=1613961362","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6d5f3710a9ec421ca8de8d6a6fda4c8b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6d5f3710a9ec421ca8de8d6a6fda4c8b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 648 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/4/648/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl:item_3210551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3210551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400850","display_name":"Leiden Repository (Leiden University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","host_organization_name":"Leiden University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"},{"id":"pmh:ul:oai:scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl:item_3210551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1887/3210551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, 13(4). MDPI","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040648","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/648/pdf?version=1613961362","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320929","display_name":"Universiteit Leiden","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130858219.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130858219.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W221493477","https://openalex.org/W633320881","https://openalex.org/W1437335841","https://openalex.org/W1953383193","https://openalex.org/W1978160572","https://openalex.org/W1995341919","https://openalex.org/W1999051604","https://openalex.org/W2018027183","https://openalex.org/W2021549769","https://openalex.org/W2037117298","https://openalex.org/W2061920292","https://openalex.org/W2066612219","https://openalex.org/W2066740616","https://openalex.org/W2089520569","https://openalex.org/W2113207845","https://openalex.org/W2121025745","https://openalex.org/W2121538471","https://openalex.org/W2126884030","https://openalex.org/W2130670721","https://openalex.org/W2136904244","https://openalex.org/W2142959074","https://openalex.org/W2152164823","https://openalex.org/W2162421262","https://openalex.org/W2162584119","https://openalex.org/W2404939661","https://openalex.org/W2525095237","https://openalex.org/W2586127133","https://openalex.org/W2596051487","https://openalex.org/W2743298634","https://openalex.org/W2753709519","https://openalex.org/W2767594761","https://openalex.org/W2774915560","https://openalex.org/W2782772130","https://openalex.org/W2792309568","https://openalex.org/W2806394060","https://openalex.org/W2883847543","https://openalex.org/W2883957308","https://openalex.org/W2890500853","https://openalex.org/W2894470772","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2914208851","https://openalex.org/W2915540904","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2921151229","https://openalex.org/W2922176752","https://openalex.org/W2923136550","https://openalex.org/W2924772986","https://openalex.org/W2943149585","https://openalex.org/W2951308445","https://openalex.org/W2959046283","https://openalex.org/W2969754063","https://openalex.org/W2994188563","https://openalex.org/W3000544281","https://openalex.org/W3011307848","https://openalex.org/W3011511010","https://openalex.org/W3035461749","https://openalex.org/W3043158170","https://openalex.org/W3045004532","https://openalex.org/W3124990706","https://openalex.org/W4211049957","https://openalex.org/W4240479216","https://openalex.org/W4241793634","https://openalex.org/W6732906777","https://openalex.org/W6754273215","https://openalex.org/W6762493413"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2053286651","https://openalex.org/W2181743346","https://openalex.org/W2187401768","https://openalex.org/W2181413294","https://openalex.org/W2989452537","https://openalex.org/W2052122378","https://openalex.org/W2544423928","https://openalex.org/W2572355887"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remote":[0],"sensing":[1],"(RS)":[2],"of":[3,47,57,68,129,207,213,221,257,285,295],"biophysical":[4,26,72,112,296],"variables":[5,27,113],"plays":[6],"a":[7,120],"vital":[8],"role":[9],"in":[10,19,262],"providing":[11],"the":[12,48,66,84,126,133,163,186,192,199,211,241,249,255,258,283],"information":[13],"necessary":[14,280],"for":[15,71,146],"understanding":[16],"spatio-temporal":[17],"dynamics":[18],"ecosystems.":[20],"The":[21,45,205,270],"hybrid":[22,58],"approach":[23],"to":[24,51,248,268,281,287],"retrieve":[25],"from":[28,117],"RS":[29,293],"by":[30,40,191],"combining":[31],"Machine":[32],"Learning":[33],"(ML)":[34],"algorithms":[35,70,215,261],"with":[36,139,198,240],"surrogate":[37],"data":[38,81],"generated":[39,82],"Radiative":[41],"Transfer":[42],"Models":[43],"(RTM).":[44],"susceptibility":[46],"ill-posed":[49],"solutions":[50],"noise":[52,64,141,208,223,237,286],"currently":[53],"constrains":[54],"further":[55],"application":[56],"approaches.":[59],"Here,":[60],"we":[61,124],"explored":[62],"how":[63],"affects":[65],"performance":[67,127,212,256],"ML":[69,91],"trait":[73,297],"retrieval.":[74,298],"We":[75,143],"focused":[76],"on":[77,154,162,178],"synthetic":[78],"Sentinel-2":[79],"(S2)":[80],"using":[83,119,132],"PROSAIL":[85],"RTM":[86],"and":[87,99,104,166,171,195,234,291],"four":[88],"commonly":[89,259],"applied":[90],"algorithms:":[92],"Gaussian":[93],"Processes":[94],"(GPR),":[95],"Random":[96],"Forests":[97],"(RFR),":[98],"Artificial":[100],"Neural":[101,106],"Networks":[102,107],"(ANN)":[103],"Multi-task":[105],"(MTN).":[108],"After":[109],"identifying":[110],"which":[111],"can":[114],"be":[115],"retrieved":[116],"S2":[118,147],"Global":[121],"Sensitivity":[122],"Analysis,":[123],"evaluated":[125],"loss":[128],"each":[130],"algorithm":[131,188],"Mean":[134],"Absolute":[135],"Percentage":[136],"Error":[137],"(MAPE)":[138],"increasing":[140],"levels.":[142],"found":[144],"that,":[145],"data,":[148],"Carotenoid":[149],"concentrations":[150],"are":[151,175,265,279],"uniquely":[152],"dependent":[153,161,177],"band":[155],"2,":[156],"Chlorophyll":[157],"is":[158,272],"almost":[159],"exclusively":[160],"visible":[164],"ranges,":[165],"Leaf":[167],"Area":[168],"Index,":[169],"water,":[170],"dry":[172],"matter":[173],"contents":[174],"mostly":[176],"infrared":[179],"bands.":[180],"Without":[181],"added":[182,222,239],"noise,":[183],"GPR":[184,233],"was":[185,238],"best":[187],"(&lt;0.05%),":[189],"followed":[190],"MTN":[193,242],"(&lt;3%)":[194],"ANN":[196],"(&lt;5%),":[197],"RFR":[200,235],"performing":[201],"very":[202],"poorly":[203],"(&lt;50%).":[204],"addition":[206],"critically":[209],"affected":[210],"all":[214],"(&gt;20%)":[216],"even":[217],"at":[218],"low":[219],"levels":[220],"(\u22485%).":[224],"Overall,":[225],"both":[226],"neural":[227],"networks":[228],"performed":[229],"significantly":[230],"better":[231,245],"than":[232],"when":[236,246],"being":[243],"slightly":[244],"compared":[247],"ANN.":[250],"Our":[251],"results":[252],"imply":[253],"that":[254,273],"used":[260],"hybrid-RTM":[263],"inversion":[264],"pervasively":[266],"sensitive":[267],"noise.":[269],"implication":[271],"more":[274],"advanced":[275],"models":[276],"or":[277],"approaches":[278],"minimize":[282],"impact":[284],"improve":[288],"near":[289],"real-time":[290],"accurate":[292],"monitoring":[294]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-03-01T00:00:00"}
