{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3130269592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040630","title":"Unsupervised Change Detection from Remotely Sensed Images Based on Multi-Scale Visual Saliency Coarse-to-Fine Fusion","display_name":"Unsupervised Change Detection from Remotely Sensed Images Based on Multi-Scale Visual Saliency Coarse-to-Fine Fusion","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3130269592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040630","mag":"3130269592"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040630","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040630","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/630/pdf?version=1615861984","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/630/pdf?version=1615861984","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003753524","display_name":"Pengfei He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2434-8653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103637022","display_name":"Zhao Xiangwei -","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118099","display_name":"China Design Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02mnaa826","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118099"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangwei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Power Design Institute, Co., Ltd. of China Energy Engineering Group, Nanjing 211102, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Power Design Institute, Co., Ltd. of China Energy Engineering Group, Nanjing 211102, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101519488","display_name":"Yuli Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuli Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055692738","display_name":"Liping A. Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3346-906X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202126657","display_name":"Qufu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ceheh96","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liping Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101519488"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.0109,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78543015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"630","last_page":"630"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7701025009155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7004357576370239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.6927057504653931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6897798776626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6369712352752686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.6346384286880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5294862389564514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-fusion","display_name":"Image fusion","score":0.45348992943763733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4267778992652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.420210599899292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3778204321861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.0905911922454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.06663966178894043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7701025009155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7004357576370239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6927057504653931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6897798776626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6369712352752686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.6346384286880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5294862389564514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.45348992943763733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4267778992652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.420210599899292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3778204321861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0905911922454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.06663966178894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040630","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040630","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/630/pdf?version=1615861984","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7babfe76b12640ecbc5ea2f706246978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7babfe76b12640ecbc5ea2f706246978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 630 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/4/630/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 4; Pages: 630","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040630","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040630","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/630/pdf?version=1615861984","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1602746128","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20190785","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2696157397","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3497226477","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3910829908","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4009049029","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Startup","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G59044518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2019BD045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6397958413","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"number: ZR20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7608752429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Talent","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7811148516","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41471312","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324849","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130269592.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130269592.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1719407190","https://openalex.org/W1964069486","https://openalex.org/W1964855131","https://openalex.org/W1965126626","https://openalex.org/W2015159529","https://openalex.org/W2041719651","https://openalex.org/W2042243448","https://openalex.org/W2052524720","https://openalex.org/W2055611119","https://openalex.org/W2079589766","https://openalex.org/W2116282268","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2145448441","https://openalex.org/W2157026765","https://openalex.org/W2160544350","https://openalex.org/W2162703409","https://openalex.org/W2295862745","https://openalex.org/W2344031149","https://openalex.org/W2468367546","https://openalex.org/W2497902795","https://openalex.org/W2533982010","https://openalex.org/W2593482707","https://openalex.org/W2606751598","https://openalex.org/W2615543373","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2886299877","https://openalex.org/W2888778068","https://openalex.org/W2900322278","https://openalex.org/W2910587630","https://openalex.org/W2915550155","https://openalex.org/W2917189553","https://openalex.org/W2918277739","https://openalex.org/W2946535694","https://openalex.org/W2996723328","https://openalex.org/W3001427728","https://openalex.org/W3011559544","https://openalex.org/W3014320740","https://openalex.org/W3016329926","https://openalex.org/W3027201985","https://openalex.org/W3122006940","https://openalex.org/W6681705545","https://openalex.org/W6728424811"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2788731446","https://openalex.org/W2204403038","https://openalex.org/W3152170969","https://openalex.org/W2379054866","https://openalex.org/W2549658594","https://openalex.org/W2370195708","https://openalex.org/W1490651872","https://openalex.org/W2139242969","https://openalex.org/W2284201331","https://openalex.org/W2095903272"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unsupervised":[0],"change":[1,112,256],"detection(CD)":[2],"from":[3,81],"remotely":[4,189],"sensed":[5,190],"images":[6],"is":[7,18,158,210,241,271],"a":[8,37,57,135,146,228,232],"fundamental":[9],"challenge":[10],"when":[11],"the":[12,24,63,71,78,102,106,111,121,128,153,163,166,172,176,179,194,197,237,245,254,260,267,275,280],"ground":[13],"truth":[14],"for":[15,50,104,152],"supervised":[16],"learning":[17],"not":[19,211,272],"easily":[20],"available.":[21],"Inspired":[22],"by":[23,110,161],"visual":[25,45],"attention":[26],"mechanism":[27],"and":[28,93,171,178,193,203,221],"multi-level":[29],"sensation":[30],"capacity":[31],"of":[32,59,65,73,131,165,196,243,259,269],"human":[33],"vision,":[34],"we":[35,61],"proposed":[36,198],"novel":[38],"multi-scale":[39,44,117,143,223],"analysis":[40,91,114],"framework":[41],"based":[42,225],"on":[43,186],"saliency":[46,118,144,226],"coarse-to-fine":[47],"fusion":[48,137,150],"(MVSF)":[49],"unsupervised":[51],"CD":[52,219],"in":[53,70,236,253,263,279],"this":[54],"paper.":[55],"As":[56],"preface":[58],"MVSF,":[60,97],"generalized":[62],"connotations":[64],"scale":[66,92,157,216,261],"as":[67,101],"four":[68],"classes":[69],"field":[72],"remote":[74],"sensing":[75],"(RS)":[76],"covering":[77],"RS":[79],"process":[80],"imaging":[82],"to":[83,127,141,170,274],"image":[84,191,251],"processing,":[85],"including":[86],"intrinsic":[87],"scale,":[88,90],"observation":[89],"modeling":[94],"scale.":[95],"In":[96],"superpixels":[98],"were":[99,124],"considered":[100],"primitives":[103],"analysing":[105],"difference":[107],"image(DI)":[108],"obtained":[109,160,231],"vector":[113],"method.":[115],"Then,":[116],"maps":[119],"at":[120,145,155,227],"superpixel":[122,167,224],"level":[123,230],"generated":[125],"according":[126],"global":[129],"contrast":[130],"each":[132,156],"superpixel.":[133,180],"Finally,":[134],"weighted":[136],"strategy":[138],"was":[139,184,200],"designed":[140],"incorporate":[142],"pixel":[147,154,177,229],"level.":[148],"The":[149,181,205],"weight":[151],"adaptively":[159],"considering":[162],"heterogeneity":[164],"it":[168,209],"belongs":[169],"spectral":[173],"distance":[174],"between":[175],"experimental":[182],"study":[183],"conducted":[185],"three":[187,238],"bi-temporal":[188],"pairs,":[192],"effectiveness":[195],"MVSF":[199,240,264,270,281],"verified":[201],"qualitatively":[202],"quantitatively.":[204],"results":[206],"suggest":[207],"that":[208,214,266],"entirely":[212],"true":[213],"finer":[215],"brings":[217],"better":[218],"result,":[220],"fusing":[222],"higher":[233],"F1":[234],"score":[235],"experiments.":[239],"capable":[242],"maintaining":[244],"detailed":[246],"changed":[247],"areas":[248],"while":[249],"resisting":[250],"noise":[252],"final":[255],"map.":[257],"Analysis":[258],"factors":[262],"implied":[265],"performance":[268],"sensitive":[273],"manually":[276],"selected":[277],"scales":[278],"framework.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2021-03-01T00:00:00"}