{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127138883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040583","title":"Spectral-Spatial Joint Classification of Hyperspectral Image Based on Broad Learning System","display_name":"Spectral-Spatial Joint Classification of Hyperspectral Image Based on Broad Learning System","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127138883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040583","mag":"3127138883"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040583","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/583/pdf?version=1613692190","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/583/pdf?version=1613692190","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112316260","display_name":"Guixin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0508-2514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guixin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China","School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748","https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108064895","display_name":"Xuesong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5327-1088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuesong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068039063","display_name":"Yi Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1512-0449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091364297","display_name":"Yuhu Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-9999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuhu Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091364297"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.014,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87573753,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"583","last_page":"583"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8221019506454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6889957189559937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6829378604888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6378405690193176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.5194739699363708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.5011076927185059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-filter","display_name":"Gaussian filter","score":0.4917321503162384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.47445496916770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.33186960220336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3095991015434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.23325592279434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10789531469345093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8221019506454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6889957189559937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6829378604888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6378405690193176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.5194739699363708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.5011076927185059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65892221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1113935","display_name":"Gaussian filter","level":3,"score":0.4917321503162384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.47445496916770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.33186960220336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3095991015434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.23325592279434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10789531469345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040583","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/583/pdf?version=1613692190","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d830ac7b872b436782dd6be322ebf0f9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d830ac7b872b436782dd6be322ebf0f9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 583 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/4/583/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 4; Pages: 583","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040583","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/583/pdf?version=1613692190","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1023919524","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5692917449","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61703219","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6792490895","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61976215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7031480287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61772532","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3127138883.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3127138883.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40668306","https://openalex.org/W1967709368","https://openalex.org/W1969204685","https://openalex.org/W1974524700","https://openalex.org/W1986278072","https://openalex.org/W1990075722","https://openalex.org/W1996640396","https://openalex.org/W2004754531","https://openalex.org/W2009834823","https://openalex.org/W2012638612","https://openalex.org/W2018482939","https://openalex.org/W2031510368","https://openalex.org/W2069747869","https://openalex.org/W2076087677","https://openalex.org/W2087080155","https://openalex.org/W2096553553","https://openalex.org/W2106277226","https://openalex.org/W2114819256","https://openalex.org/W2115451191","https://openalex.org/W2123223828","https://openalex.org/W2125188192","https://openalex.org/W2126972815","https://openalex.org/W2127199143","https://openalex.org/W2131697388","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2141876996","https://openalex.org/W2141957843","https://openalex.org/W2144151128","https://openalex.org/W2145554279","https://openalex.org/W2148534289","https://openalex.org/W2150990614","https://openalex.org/W2153232138","https://openalex.org/W2153409933","https://openalex.org/W2162698522","https://openalex.org/W2163584563","https://openalex.org/W2166923144","https://openalex.org/W2171500336","https://openalex.org/W2278286637","https://openalex.org/W2289326164","https://openalex.org/W2320939062","https://openalex.org/W2405835588","https://openalex.org/W2470802587","https://openalex.org/W2521198526","https://openalex.org/W2591916814","https://openalex.org/W2604836770","https://openalex.org/W2608092940","https://openalex.org/W2738226240","https://openalex.org/W2781621993","https://openalex.org/W2791006446","https://openalex.org/W2792323272","https://openalex.org/W2801275556","https://openalex.org/W2803057685","https://openalex.org/W2822065499","https://openalex.org/W2912036148","https://openalex.org/W2919509228","https://openalex.org/W2946951957","https://openalex.org/W2954335900","https://openalex.org/W2972325484","https://openalex.org/W2987694862","https://openalex.org/W2996892897","https://openalex.org/W3012854509","https://openalex.org/W3014771378","https://openalex.org/W3033522990","https://openalex.org/W3034953390","https://openalex.org/W3045811518","https://openalex.org/W3096554124","https://openalex.org/W3112342436","https://openalex.org/W6647795560","https://openalex.org/W6676189307","https://openalex.org/W6787364499"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2609066529","https://openalex.org/W2082319654","https://openalex.org/W1970319972","https://openalex.org/W2150541705","https://openalex.org/W2389710210","https://openalex.org/W4386840168","https://openalex.org/W2921413925","https://openalex.org/W1998409879","https://openalex.org/W2566989475","https://openalex.org/W3166815864"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"At":[0,114],"present":[1],"many":[2],"researchers":[3],"pay":[4],"attention":[5],"to":[6,15,34,73,86,121],"a":[7],"combination":[8],"of":[9,39,46,64,77,153],"spectral":[10,107],"features":[11,14,25,108],"and":[12,168],"spatial":[13,24,84,130],"enhance":[16],"hyperspectral":[17],"image":[18],"(HSI)":[19],"classification":[20,45,102,125,136],"accuracy.":[21,137],"However,":[22],"the":[23,37,42,50,68,78,83,88,91,99,106,111,116,123,129,135,141,148,159,165,171,179,183,186],"in":[26,59,182],"some":[27],"methods":[28],"are":[29,156],"utilized":[30],"insufficiently.":[31],"In":[32],"order":[33],"further":[35],"improve":[36],"performance":[38],"HSI":[40,47,144],"classification,":[41],"spectral-spatial":[43],"joint":[44],"based":[48,81,127],"on":[49,82,128,140,158,164,170],"broad":[51],"learning":[52],"system":[53],"(BLS)":[54],"(SSBLS)":[55],"method":[56,181],"was":[57],"proposed":[58,180],"this":[60],"paper;":[61],"it":[62],"consists":[63],"three":[65,142],"parts.":[66],"Firstly,":[67],"Gaussian":[69,112],"filter":[70,118],"is":[71,119],"adopted":[72],"smooth":[74],"each":[75],"band":[76],"original":[79],"spectra":[80],"information":[85,132],"remove":[87],"noise.":[89],"Secondly,":[90],"test":[92],"sample\u2019s":[93],"labels":[94],"can":[95],"be":[96],"obtained":[97],"using":[98],"optimal":[100],"BLS":[101,124],"model":[103],"trained":[104],"with":[105,176],"smoothed":[109],"by":[110],"filter.":[113],"last,":[115],"guided":[117],"performed":[120],"correct":[122],"results":[126,139],"contextual":[131],"for":[133],"improving":[134],"Experiment":[138],"real":[143],"datasets":[145],"demonstrate":[146],"that":[147],"mean":[149],"overall":[150],"accuracies":[151],"(OAs)":[152],"ten":[154],"experiments":[155],"99.83%":[157],"Indian":[160],"Pines":[161],"dataset,":[162,167],"99.96%":[163],"Salinas":[166],"99.49%":[169],"Pavia":[172],"University":[173],"dataset.":[174],"Compared":[175],"other":[177],"methods,":[178],"paper":[184],"has":[185],"best":[187],"performance.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2021-02-15T00:00:00"}
