{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3128053756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040573","title":"MultEYE: Monitoring System for Real-Time Vehicle Detection, Tracking and Speed Estimation from UAV Imagery on Edge-Computing Platforms","display_name":"MultEYE: Monitoring System for Real-Time Vehicle Detection, Tracking and Speed Estimation from UAV Imagery on Edge-Computing Platforms","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3128053756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040573","mag":"3128053756"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040573","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/573/pdf?version=1612875972","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/573/pdf?version=1612875972","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015174300","display_name":"Navaneeth Balamuralidhar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Navaneeth Balamuralidhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands","XO Sight B.V, 2614 AC Delft, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"XO Sight B.V, 2614 AC Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002557849","display_name":"Sofia Tilon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sofia Tilon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013633154","display_name":"Francesco Nex","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5712-6902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Nex","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015174300"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":6.604,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":92,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97664201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"573","last_page":"573"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8100031614303589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6902598142623901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.67337965965271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.6462599039077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5819454193115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5727918148040771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5716456174850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.550796627998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.48445820808410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4210096299648285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.41747811436653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.41252508759498596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8100031614303589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6902598142623901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.67337965965271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.6462599039077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5819454193115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5727918148040771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5716456174850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.550796627998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.48445820808410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4210096299648285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.41747811436653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.41252508759498596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040573","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/573/pdf?version=1612875972","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire/96f8fc5d-17ae-4900-8d7c-b0769f149739","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/96f8fc5d-17ae-4900-8d7c-b0769f149739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Balamuralidhar, N, Tilon, S & Nex, F 2021, 'MultEYE : Monitoring system for real-time vehicle detection, tracking and speed estimation from UAV imagery on edge-computing platforms', Remote sensing, vol. 13, no. 4, 573, pp. 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040573","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:92a6ec5e94f541b0b0a6f72beecf08fd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/92a6ec5e94f541b0b0a6f72beecf08fd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 573 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/4/573/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 4; Pages: 573","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:publications/96f8fc5d-17ae-4900-8d7c-b0769f149739","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ezproxy2.utwente.nl/login?url=https://library.itc.utwente.nl/login/2021/isi/tilon_mul.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Balamuralidhar , N , Tilon , S &amp; Nex , F 2021 , ' MultEYE : Monitoring system for real-time vehicle detection, tracking and speed estimation from UAV imagery on edge-computing platforms ' , Remote sensing , vol. 13 , no. 4 , 573 , pp. 1-24 . https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040573","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13040573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040573","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/4/573/pdf?version=1612875972","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3837028513","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"769129","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335813","funder_display_name":"Innovation and Networks Executive Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335813","display_name":"Innovation and Networks Executive Agency","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3128053756.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3128053756.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W125693051","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1485843859","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1857884451","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1932624639","https://openalex.org/W1964846093","https://openalex.org/W2000326692","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2122487083","https://openalex.org/W2124211486","https://openalex.org/W2137234026","https://openalex.org/W2145889472","https://openalex.org/W2147953023","https://openalex.org/W2154889144","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2165737454","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2252355370","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2520951797","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2532189199","https://openalex.org/W2532752915","https://openalex.org/W2534578893","https://openalex.org/W2556468274","https://openalex.org/W2562137921","https://openalex.org/W2563705555","https://openalex.org/W2576886744","https://openalex.org/W2579024533","https://openalex.org/W2592939477","https://openalex.org/W2603203130","https://openalex.org/W2612465689","https://openalex.org/W2613825824","https://openalex.org/W2613927007","https://openalex.org/W2738638456","https://openalex.org/W2766984662","https://openalex.org/W2781948176","https://openalex.org/W2799213142","https://openalex.org/W2799785415","https://openalex.org/W2808453126","https://openalex.org/W2883094537","https://openalex.org/W2885069969","https://openalex.org/W2890292428","https://openalex.org/W2897017401","https://openalex.org/W2906506339","https://openalex.org/W2910066819","https://openalex.org/W2913340405","https://openalex.org/W2936497219","https://openalex.org/W2944848755","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2964041607","https://openalex.org/W2964071664","https://openalex.org/W2964098128","https://openalex.org/W2964253307","https://openalex.org/W2969394118","https://openalex.org/W2969443669","https://openalex.org/W2972469182","https://openalex.org/W2976215670","https://openalex.org/W2981782982","https://openalex.org/W2991074454","https://openalex.org/W3019576236","https://openalex.org/W3023501095","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3042011474","https://openalex.org/W3104218139","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3120129399","https://openalex.org/W3123635396","https://openalex.org/W4214629738","https://openalex.org/W4231340930","https://openalex.org/W4286251267","https://openalex.org/W6762585180","https://openalex.org/W6894251830"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W4308259661","https://openalex.org/W4390813131","https://openalex.org/W2977517636","https://openalex.org/W1969179582","https://openalex.org/W4310880131","https://openalex.org/W2810129309"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"MultEYE,":[2],"a":[3,18,63,71,87,179],"traffic":[4,116,220],"monitoring":[5,221],"system":[6,214],"that":[7,223],"can":[8],"detect,":[9],"track,":[10],"and":[11,60,107,121,147,190,227],"estimate":[12],"the":[13,50,81,104,156,185,212,218],"velocity":[14],"of":[15,20,52,164,196,204,217],"vehicles":[16],"in":[17,33,80],"sequence":[19],"aerial":[21],"images.":[22],"The":[23],"presented":[24],"solution":[25],"has":[26],"been":[27,126],"optimized":[28,128,157,228],"to":[29,48,58,74,111,113,129,142,166,198],"execute":[30],"these":[31],"tasks":[32],"real-time":[34],"on":[35,40,172,178,201],"an":[36,41,75,134,161,202,230],"embedded":[37],"computer":[38],"installed":[39],"Unmanned":[42],"Aerial":[43],"Vehicle":[44],"(UAV).":[45],"In":[46],"order":[47],"overcome":[49],"limitation":[51],"existing":[53],"object":[54,76,83,119,144],"detection":[55,84],"architectures":[56],"related":[57],"accuracy":[59],"computational":[61,138],"overhead,":[62],"multi-task":[64],"learning":[65],"methodology":[66],"was":[67,224],"employed":[68],"by":[69],"adding":[70],"segmentation":[72],"head":[73],"detector":[77,158],"backbone":[78],"resulting":[79],"MultEYE":[82,213],"architecture.":[85],"On":[86],"custom":[88],"dataset,":[89],"it":[90],"achieved":[91],"4.8%":[92],"higher":[93],"mean":[94],"Average":[95],"Precision":[96],"(mAP)":[97],"score,":[98],"while":[99,108,184],"being":[100,109],"91.4%":[101],"faster":[102],"than":[103],"state-of-the-art":[105],"model":[106],"able":[110],"generalize":[112],"different":[114],"real-world":[115,234],"scenes.":[117],"Dedicated":[118],"tracking":[120],"speed":[122,148,191],"estimation":[123,149],"algorithms":[124],"have":[125],"then":[127],"track":[130],"reliably":[131],"objects":[132],"from":[133],"UAV":[135,231],"with":[136],"limited":[137],"effort.":[139],"Different":[140],"strategies":[141],"combine":[143],"detection,":[145],"tracking,":[146],"are":[150],"discussed,":[151],"too.":[152],"From":[153],"our":[154,210],"experiments,":[155],"runs":[159],"at":[160],"average":[162],"frame-rate":[163],"up":[165,197],"29":[167],"frames":[168],"per":[169],"second":[170],"(FPS)":[171],"frame":[173],"resolution":[174,205],"512":[175],"\u00d7":[176,207],"320":[177],"Nvidia":[180],"Xavier":[181],"NX":[182],"board,":[183],"optimally":[186],"combined":[187],"detector,":[188],"tracker":[189],"estimator":[192],"pipeline":[193],"achieves":[194],"speeds":[195],"33":[199],"FPS":[200],"image":[203],"3072":[206],"1728.":[208],"To":[209],"knowledge,":[211],"is":[215],"one":[216],"first":[219],"systems":[222],"specifically":[225],"designed":[226],"for":[229],"platform":[232],"under":[233],"constraints.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
