{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3128555787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030472","title":"PointNet++ Network Architecture with Individual Point Level and Global Features on Centroid for ALS Point Cloud Classification","display_name":"PointNet++ Network Architecture with Individual Point Level and Global Features on Centroid for ALS Point Cloud Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3128555787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030472","mag":"3128555787"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13030472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030472","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/3/472/pdf?version=1612056398","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/3/472/pdf?version=1612056398","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090395787","display_name":"Yang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5874-9944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067061325","display_name":"Guanlan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5140-8493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guanlan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101656229","display_name":"Yaming Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6422-0684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaming Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059227623","display_name":"Pai Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pai Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090859671","display_name":"Yin Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3328-0569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yin Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067061325"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.3939,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95386437,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"472","last_page":"472"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.844132661819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centroid","display_name":"Centroid","score":0.8028988242149353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6273385286331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5451464056968689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5280027389526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.48976874351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4732535481452942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.4510681629180908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40407541394233704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.32088780403137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19056877493858337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.08504220843315125}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.844132661819458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146599234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511093","display_name":"Centroid","level":2,"score":0.8028988242149353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6273385286331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5451464056968689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5280027389526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.48976874351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4732535481452942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.4510681629180908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40407541394233704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.32088780403137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19056877493858337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.08504220843315125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13030472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030472","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/3/472/pdf?version=1612056398","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ad26edbf6a8f463084e9391edfb4b52c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ad26edbf6a8f463084e9391edfb4b52c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 3, p 472 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/3/472/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 3; Pages: 472","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13030472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030472","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/3/472/pdf?version=1612056398","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4586687812","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41904170","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3128555787.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1644641054","https://openalex.org/W1973644502","https://openalex.org/W1977271893","https://openalex.org/W1986522259","https://openalex.org/W1994699846","https://openalex.org/W2003731033","https://openalex.org/W2034933046","https://openalex.org/W2043045881","https://openalex.org/W2086103748","https://openalex.org/W2095359281","https://openalex.org/W2099606917","https://openalex.org/W2160643963","https://openalex.org/W2160821342","https://openalex.org/W2295511148","https://openalex.org/W2398036802","https://openalex.org/W2415334435","https://openalex.org/W2567098398","https://openalex.org/W2588275992","https://openalex.org/W2752456892","https://openalex.org/W2775216572","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2889155579","https://openalex.org/W2898057260","https://openalex.org/W2938428612","https://openalex.org/W2946815544","https://openalex.org/W2950642167","https://openalex.org/W2960986959","https://openalex.org/W2962731536","https://openalex.org/W2979750740","https://openalex.org/W2982639230","https://openalex.org/W2985812748","https://openalex.org/W2997188997","https://openalex.org/W3008274274","https://openalex.org/W3009401626","https://openalex.org/W3016245793","https://openalex.org/W4388680028","https://openalex.org/W6682095516","https://openalex.org/W6716423755","https://openalex.org/W6747904511"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381926679","https://openalex.org/W2007009951","https://openalex.org/W2082644203","https://openalex.org/W2350539780","https://openalex.org/W3165040664","https://openalex.org/W3122652148","https://openalex.org/W1583866266","https://openalex.org/W4242386713","https://openalex.org/W4282934273","https://openalex.org/W39961996"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Airborne":[0],"laser":[1],"scanning":[2],"(ALS)":[3],"point":[4,42,64,121,170,197,213],"cloud":[5],"has":[6],"been":[7],"widely":[8],"used":[9],"in":[10,99,133,143,211,218,265],"the":[11,26,36,45,80,100,112,119,138,162,168,172,190,209,224,228,237,243],"fields":[12],"of":[13,25,41,47,72,127,227],"ground":[14],"powerline":[15],"surveying,":[16],"forest":[17],"monitoring,":[18],"urban":[19],"modeling,":[20],"and":[21,38,66,87,107,164,201,233,236,261],"so":[22],"on":[23,118,167,195,223],"because":[24],"great":[27],"convenience":[28],"it":[29],"brings":[30],"to":[31,69,82,175,188,251],"people\u2019s":[32],"daily":[33],"life.":[34],"However,":[35,95],"sparsity":[37],"uneven":[39,192],"distribution":[40,194],"clouds":[43,214],"increases":[44],"difficulty":[46],"setting":[48],"uniform":[49],"parameters":[50],"for":[51,62,92,129,208,231],"semantic":[52],"classification.":[53,177],"The":[54,115,178,221],"PointNet++":[55,157],"network":[56,61,158],"is":[57,102,147,205],"an":[58],"end-to-end":[59],"learning":[60],"irregular":[63],"data":[65],"highly":[67],"robust":[68],"small":[70],"perturbations":[71],"input":[73],"points":[74],"along":[75],"with":[76,257],"corruption.":[77],"It":[78],"eliminates":[79],"need":[81],"calculate":[83],"costly":[84],"handcrafted":[85],"features":[86,166,174],"provides":[88,247],"a":[89,155,183],"new":[90,262],"paradigm":[91],"3D":[93,239],"understanding.":[94],"each":[96,144],"local":[97,108,173],"region":[98],"output":[101],"abstracted":[103],"by":[104],"its":[105],"centroid":[106,120,139,169],"feature":[109,116],"that":[110,242],"encodes":[111],"centroid\u2019s":[113],"neighborhood.":[114],"learned":[117],"may":[122],"not":[123,149],"contain":[124],"relevant":[125],"information":[126,142,250],"itself":[128],"random":[130],"sampling,":[131],"especially":[132],"large-scale":[134],"neighborhood":[135],"balls.":[136],"Moreover,":[137],"point\u2019s":[140],"global-level":[141],"sample":[145],"layer":[146],"also":[148,181,206],"marked.":[150],"Therefore,":[151],"this":[152],"study":[153],"proposed":[154,179,207,244],"modified":[156,184],"architecture":[159],"which":[160,215,246],"concentrates":[161],"point-level":[163],"global":[165],"towards":[171],"facilitate":[176],"approach":[180],"utilizes":[182],"Focal":[185],"Loss":[186],"function":[187],"solve":[189],"extremely":[191],"category":[193],"ALS":[196,212],"clouds.":[198],"An":[199],"elevation-":[200],"distance-based":[202],"interpolation":[203],"method":[204,245],"objects":[210],"exhibit":[216],"discrepancies":[217],"elevation":[219],"distributions.":[220],"experiments":[222],"Vaihingen":[225],"dataset":[226,240],"International":[229],"Society":[230],"Photogrammetry":[232],"Remote":[234],"Sensing":[235],"GML(B)":[238],"demonstrate":[241],"additional":[248],"contextual":[249],"support":[252],"classification":[253],"achieves":[254],"high":[255],"accuracy":[256],"simple":[258],"discriminative":[259],"models":[260],"state-of-the-art":[263],"performance":[264],"power":[266],"line":[267],"categories.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-28T09:10:13.091523","created_date":"2021-02-15T00:00:00"}
