{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3124742614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030441","title":"An Improved Segmentation Method for Automatic Mapping of Cone Karst from Remote Sensing Data Based on DeepLab V3+ Model","display_name":"An Improved Segmentation Method for Automatic Mapping of Cone Karst from Remote Sensing Data Based on DeepLab V3+ Model","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3124742614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030441","mag":"3124742614"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13030441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030441","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/3/441/pdf?version=1611905926","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/3/441/pdf?version=1611905926","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102002378","display_name":"Han Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3587-0455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012703571","display_name":"Bihong Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1715-6859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bihong Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112280896","display_name":"Pilong Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pilong Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012703571"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.8171,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92909699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"441","last_page":"441"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9822999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9822999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12644","display_name":"Wildlife-Road Interactions and Conservation","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karst","display_name":"Karst","score":0.8132218718528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6318789720535278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5868068337440491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5027616024017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.4416426718235016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.4208550453186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2784644365310669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.27275869250297546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2608873248100281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.08452439308166504}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182348080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16817","display_name":"Karst","level":2,"score":0.8132218718528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6318789720535278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5868068337440491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5027616024017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.4416426718235016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.4208550453186035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2784644365310669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.27275869250297546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2608873248100281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.08452439308166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13030441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030441","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/3/441/pdf?version=1611905926","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2d6dfb89759d40e2a7340cd18694baee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2d6dfb89759d40e2a7340cd18694baee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 3, p 441 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/3/441/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030441","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13030441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030441","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/3/441/pdf?version=1611905926","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3384759911","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019QZKK0901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6780024221","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDA 20070202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3124742614.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3124742614.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W597449632","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1923697677","https://openalex.org/W1949049686","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2036339580","https://openalex.org/W2037384546","https://openalex.org/W2056538923","https://openalex.org/W2076656703","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2112546694","https://openalex.org/W2124592697","https://openalex.org/W2287714391","https://openalex.org/W2349452475","https://openalex.org/W2390357369","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2630837129","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2962803021","https://openalex.org/W2962891704","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W3091852895","https://openalex.org/W3109564028","https://openalex.org/W6640054144","https://openalex.org/W6640295612","https://openalex.org/W6669567902","https://openalex.org/W6715287400","https://openalex.org/W6786916195","https://openalex.org/W6981793964"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2499541383","https://openalex.org/W2885263913","https://openalex.org/W2913278508","https://openalex.org/W2357848857","https://openalex.org/W2348500302","https://openalex.org/W2350995752","https://openalex.org/W2183320742","https://openalex.org/W2381856745","https://openalex.org/W3034795591","https://openalex.org/W2374809957"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,31,113,140,195],"South":[1],"China":[2],"Karst,":[3],"a":[4,53,79,181,218],"United":[5],"Nations":[6],"Educational,":[7],"Scientific":[8],"and":[9,55,60,70,107,124,160,212,220],"Cultural":[10],"Organization":[11],"(UNESCO)":[12],"natural":[13],"heritage":[14,74],"site,":[15],"is":[16,40,66,188],"one":[17],"of":[18,24,50,63,134,143,156,202,208,227],"the":[19,36,43,93,167,174,189],"world\u2019s":[20],"most":[21],"spectacular":[22],"examples":[23],"humid":[25],"tropical":[26],"to":[27,91,149],"subtropical":[28],"karst":[29,34,65,95,204],"landscapes.":[30],"Libo":[32,73,98],"cone":[33,64,94,203],"in":[35,97],"southern":[37],"Guizhou":[38],"Province":[39],"considered":[41],"as":[42,177],"world":[44],"reference":[45],"site":[46],"for":[47,68,72,223],"these":[48],"types":[49],"karst,":[51],"forming":[52],"distinctive":[54],"beautiful":[56],"landscape.":[57],"Geomorphic":[58],"information":[59],"spatial":[61],"distribution":[62],"essential":[67],"conservation":[69],"management":[71],"site.":[75],"In":[76],"this":[77],"study,":[78],"deep":[80,209],"learning":[81],"(DL)":[82],"method":[83,197],"based":[84],"on":[85],"DeepLab":[86,144],"V3+":[87,145],"network":[88,146],"was":[89,147],"proposed":[90,196],"document":[92],"landscape":[96,205],"by":[99,118,180,206],"multi-source":[100],"data,":[101,153],"including":[102],"optical":[103],"remote":[104,121],"sensing":[105,122],"images":[106,123,159],"digital":[108],"elevation":[109],"model":[110],"(DEM)":[111],"data.":[112,131,162],"training":[114,135,178],"samples":[115,179],"were":[116],"generated":[117],"using":[119,173],"Landsat":[120,157],"their":[125],"combination":[126,155],"with":[127],"satellite":[128],"derived":[129],"DEM":[130,161],"Each":[132],"group":[133],"dataset":[136],"contains":[137],"898":[138],"samples.":[139],"input":[141,152],"module":[142],"improved":[148],"accept":[150],"four-channel":[151,175],"i.e.,":[154],"RGB":[158],"Our":[163],"results":[164],"suggest":[165],"that":[166],"mean":[168],"intersection":[169],"over":[170],"union":[171],"(MIoU)":[172],"data":[176],"new":[182],"DL-based":[183],"pixel-level":[184],"image":[185],"segmentation":[186],"approach":[187],"highest,":[190],"which":[191],"can":[192,198,215],"reach":[193],"95.5%.":[194],"accomplish":[199],"automatic":[200,221],"extraction":[201],"self-learning":[207],"neural":[210],"network,":[211],"therefore":[213],"it":[214],"also":[216],"provide":[217],"powerful":[219],"tool":[222],"documenting":[224],"other":[225],"type":[226],"geological":[228],"landscapes":[229],"worldwide.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}