{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3120504399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020223","title":"Individual Tree Extraction from Terrestrial LiDAR Point Clouds Based on Transfer Learning and Gaussian Mixture Model Separation","display_name":"Individual Tree Extraction from Terrestrial LiDAR Point Clouds Based on Transfer Learning and Gaussian Mixture Model Separation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3120504399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020223","mag":"3120504399"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13020223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020223","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/2/223/pdf?version=1610444859","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/2/223/pdf?version=1610444859","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004210927","display_name":"Zhenyang Hui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1377-2558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119674","display_name":"East China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/027385r44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119674"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyang Hui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China","School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119674"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052926185","display_name":"Shuanggen Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5108-4828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799714274","display_name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/003n8re58","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2799714274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuanggen Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799714274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108866505","display_name":"Dajun Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119674","display_name":"East China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/027385r44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dajun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051258802","display_name":"Yao Yevenyo Ziggah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9940-1845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27031042","display_name":"University of Mines and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00br9cf93","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27031042"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Yevenyo Ziggah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mineral Resources Technology, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa 999064, Ghana"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mineral Resources Technology, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa 999064, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27031042"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100410535","display_name":"Bo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-8790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119674","display_name":"East China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/027385r44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119674"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108866505"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119674"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.6997,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81529922,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"223","last_page":"223"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.706785261631012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5988811254501343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5454826951026917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5236111283302307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5168983936309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5113596320152283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.48501870036125183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.46717458963394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.44798073172569275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Kernel principal component analysis","score":0.4305576682090759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.41770702600479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.254963219165802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.21988701820373535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.10067647695541382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-method","display_name":"Kernel method","score":0.09812575578689575}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.706785261631012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5988811254501343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5454826951026917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5236111283302307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5168983936309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5113596320152283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.48501870036125183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.46717458963394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.44798073172569275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182335926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17093020","display_name":"Kernel principal component analysis","level":4,"score":0.4305576682090759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.41770702600479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.254963219165802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.21988701820373535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.10067647695541382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122280245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620622","display_name":"Kernel method","level":3,"score":0.09812575578689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13020223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020223","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/2/223/pdf?version=1610444859","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:114d30e94bb7442cb231e69dd3a8cdff","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/114d30e94bb7442cb231e69dd3a8cdff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 2, p 223 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/2/223/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13020223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 2; Pages: 223","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13020223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020223","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/2/223/pdf?version=1610444859","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1546381210","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GJJ170449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325626","funder_display_name":"Education Department of Jiangxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1666160118","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41801325","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2891616032","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20192BAB217010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322665","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7009640005","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019M661858","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322665","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325626","display_name":"Education Department of Jiangxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120504399.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120504399.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1436861582","https://openalex.org/W1492020934","https://openalex.org/W1965286517","https://openalex.org/W1970991873","https://openalex.org/W1986104804","https://openalex.org/W2019917126","https://openalex.org/W2022686119","https://openalex.org/W2028290485","https://openalex.org/W2028400108","https://openalex.org/W2033827163","https://openalex.org/W2065258204","https://openalex.org/W2069975764","https://openalex.org/W2072568123","https://openalex.org/W2086118991","https://openalex.org/W2109850379","https://openalex.org/W2118327237","https://openalex.org/W2133160971","https://openalex.org/W2161746820","https://openalex.org/W2165148193","https://openalex.org/W2229319020","https://openalex.org/W2327624860","https://openalex.org/W2336012816","https://openalex.org/W2410072516","https://openalex.org/W2466959383","https://openalex.org/W2588519644","https://openalex.org/W2757142005","https://openalex.org/W2794121684","https://openalex.org/W2808883217","https://openalex.org/W2871665063","https://openalex.org/W2880642496","https://openalex.org/W2884197231","https://openalex.org/W2885035168","https://openalex.org/W2892336504","https://openalex.org/W2895573404","https://openalex.org/W2900119277","https://openalex.org/W2903224593","https://openalex.org/W2913475014","https://openalex.org/W2947483845","https://openalex.org/W2953484502","https://openalex.org/W2960144351","https://openalex.org/W2983050543","https://openalex.org/W3008220642","https://openalex.org/W3011477772","https://openalex.org/W6755575998"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3008339103","https://openalex.org/W1667647204","https://openalex.org/W2404647514","https://openalex.org/W4247536566","https://openalex.org/W4241418540","https://openalex.org/W2018477250","https://openalex.org/W3119814709","https://openalex.org/W1508895727","https://openalex.org/W2725786787","https://openalex.org/W1590965489"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Individual":[0],"tree":[1,18,26,58,122],"extraction":[2,19,27],"is":[3,43,96,151],"an":[4,24],"important":[5],"process":[6],"for":[7,57,101],"forest":[8,126],"resource":[9],"surveying":[10],"and":[11,33,67,165],"monitoring.":[12],"To":[13],"obtain":[14],"more":[15],"accurate":[16],"individual":[17,25,103],"results,":[20],"this":[21,39],"paper":[22],"proposed":[23,72,97,136,143,169],"method":[28,144,170],"based":[29,115],"on":[30,85,116],"transfer":[31,41],"learning":[32,42],"Gaussian":[34,92],"mixture":[35,93],"model":[36,94],"separation.":[37],"In":[38,161],"study,":[40],"first":[44],"adopted":[45],"in":[46,80],"classifying":[47],"trunk":[48,107],"points,":[49],"which":[50,150],"can":[51,145],"be":[52],"used":[53,129],"as":[54],"clustering":[55],"centers":[56],"initial":[59,82],"segmentation.":[60,83],"Subsequently,":[61],"principal":[62],"component":[63],"analysis":[64],"(PCA)":[65],"transformation":[66],"kernel":[68],"density":[69],"estimation":[70],"are":[71,113],"to":[73,98,110,130],"determine":[74],"the":[75,81,86,91,106,117,132,135,142,168,173],"number":[76,87],"of":[77,88,134,156,163],"mixed":[78,89],"components":[79],"Based":[84],"components,":[90],"separation":[95],"separate":[99],"canopies":[100],"each":[102,111],"tree.":[104],"Finally,":[105],"stems":[108],"corresponding":[109],"canopy":[112],"extracted":[114],"vertical":[118],"continuity":[119],"principle.":[120],"Six":[121],"plots":[123],"with":[124],"different":[125],"environments":[127],"were":[128],"test":[131],"performance":[133],"method.":[137],"Experimental":[138],"results":[139],"show":[140],"that":[141,155],"achieve":[146],"87.68%":[147],"average":[148],"correctness,":[149],"much":[152],"higher":[153],"than":[154],"other":[157,174],"two":[158,175],"classical":[159],"methods.":[160,176],"terms":[162],"completeness":[164],"mean":[166],"accuracy,":[167],"also":[171],"outperforms":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-01-18T00:00:00"}