{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3120484784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020222","title":"Applying Deep Learning to Clear-Sky Radiance Simulation for VIIRS with Community Radiative Transfer Model\u2014Part 1: Develop AI-Based Clear-Sky Mask","display_name":"Applying Deep Learning to Clear-Sky Radiance Simulation for VIIRS with Community Radiative Transfer Model\u2014Part 1: Develop AI-Based Clear-Sky Mask","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3120484784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020222","mag":"3120484784"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13020222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020222","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/2/222/pdf?version=1610699696","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/2/222/pdf?version=1610699696","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058466855","display_name":"Xingming Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5641-0509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144776","display_name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center","ror":"https://ror.org/042607708","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144776","https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xingming Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144776","https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037034567","display_name":"Quanhua Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3616-351X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308126019","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089050","display_name":"NOAA National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service","ror":"https://ror.org/007qwym43","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210089050"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133019","display_name":"NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03yn06t56","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210089050","https://openalex.org/I4210133019"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quanhua Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), College Park, MD 20740, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), College Park, MD 20740, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133019","https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I4210089050"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058466855"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144776","https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.8439,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70206458,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"222","last_page":"222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11320","display_name":"Atmospheric Ozone and Climate","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11320","display_name":"Atmospheric Ozone and Climate","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-infrared-imaging-radiometer-suite","display_name":"Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite","score":0.9042757749557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sky","display_name":"Sky","score":0.7399659156799316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiance","display_name":"Radiance","score":0.6486730575561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sky-brightness","display_name":"Sky brightness","score":0.6241604089736938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6098271608352661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5635189414024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiative-transfer","display_name":"Radiative transfer","score":0.5266233086585999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-radiative-transfer-codes","display_name":"Atmospheric radiative transfer codes","score":0.5022306442260742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/daytime","display_name":"Daytime","score":0.4984757900238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.49679020047187805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39439091086387634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.1579400599002838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1398303508758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09856149554252625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.09683564305305481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07750743627548218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.07214081287384033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.06369143724441528}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16948273","display_name":"Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite","level":3,"score":0.9042757749557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73329638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527","display_name":"Sky","level":2,"score":0.7399659156799316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23690007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411145","display_name":"Radiance","level":2,"score":0.6486730575561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193212914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7537571","display_name":"Sky brightness","level":3,"score":0.6241604089736938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6098271608352661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5635189414024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.5266233086585999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2353151","display_name":"Atmospheric radiative transfer codes","level":3,"score":0.5022306442260742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162725370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52643","display_name":"Daytime","level":2,"score":0.4984757900238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.49679020047187805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39439091086387634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.1579400599002838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1398303508758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09856149554252625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.09683564305305481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07750743627548218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.07214081287384033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.06369143724441528}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13020222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020222","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/2/222/pdf?version=1610699696","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c48d648c1e5c4f3e80641c676bcf9908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c48d648c1e5c4f3e80641c676bcf9908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 2, p 222 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/2/222/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13020222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13020222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020222","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/2/222/pdf?version=1610699696","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3687384179","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA14NES4320003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","funder_display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120484784.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120484784.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W61851215","https://openalex.org/W1500428130","https://openalex.org/W1986128637","https://openalex.org/W1988045084","https://openalex.org/W1999094416","https://openalex.org/W2019457529","https://openalex.org/W2025185449","https://openalex.org/W2027986230","https://openalex.org/W2036705578","https://openalex.org/W2082684295","https://openalex.org/W2096631424","https://openalex.org/W2114535528","https://openalex.org/W2124084441","https://openalex.org/W2130615363","https://openalex.org/W2133326900","https://openalex.org/W2138480760","https://openalex.org/W2176809068","https://openalex.org/W2292027107","https://openalex.org/W2751694392","https://openalex.org/W2752566544","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2802846295","https://openalex.org/W2910101086","https://openalex.org/W2981217223","https://openalex.org/W2995280114","https://openalex.org/W2997740738","https://openalex.org/W3104341624","https://openalex.org/W3109071147","https://openalex.org/W6650334763"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2508448752","https://openalex.org/W2773843280","https://openalex.org/W2119684137","https://openalex.org/W2587551535","https://openalex.org/W2600406339","https://openalex.org/W2594387563","https://openalex.org/W4320168998","https://openalex.org/W804912648","https://openalex.org/W2314273729","https://openalex.org/W2026140956"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"fully":[1],"connected":[2],"deep":[3],"neural":[4],"network":[5],"(FCDN)":[6],"clear-sky":[7,32,63],"mask":[8],"(CSM)":[9],"algorithm":[10],"(FCDN_CSM)":[11],"was":[12,44,55,96,104,113,205],"developed":[13],"to":[14,23,72,116,149,154,183,218,246,261,265,323],"assist":[15],"the":[16,25,60,136,139,169,177,184,187,189,206,219,253,259,270,273,281,329],"FCDN-based":[17],"Community":[18],"Radiative":[19],"Transfer":[20],"Model":[21],"(FCDN_CRTM)":[22],"reproduce":[24],"Visible":[26],"Infrared":[27],"Imaging":[28],"Radiometer":[29],"Suite":[30],"(VIIRS)":[31],"radiances":[33],"in":[34,59,107,123,236,269,328],"five":[35],"thermal":[36],"emission":[37],"M":[38],"(TEB/M)":[39],"bands.":[40],"The":[41,91,110,131,146,202,212,229],"model":[42,112,160,170,260],"design":[43],"referenced":[45],"and":[46,54,57,76,128,142,158,163,165,179,194,199,227,242,277,291,302,308,312,316],"enhanced":[47,98],"from":[48,70],"its":[49,298],"earlier":[50],"version":[51,108,287,319],"(version":[52,94],"1),":[53],"trained":[56,111],"tested":[58],"global":[61],"ocean":[62],"domain":[64],"using":[65],"six":[66],"dispersion":[67],"days\u2019":[68],"data":[69],"2019":[71],"2020":[73,124],"as":[74,88,125],"inputs":[75],"a":[77,174,249],"modified":[78],"NOAA":[79],"Advanced":[80],"Clear-Sky":[81],"Processor":[82],"over":[83,120],"Ocean":[84],"(ACSPO)":[85],"CSM":[86,119,221],"product":[87],"reference":[89],"labels.":[90],"improved":[92],"FCDN_CSM":[93,152,286,318],"2)":[95],"further":[97,167,263],"by":[99,210,248],"including":[100],"daytime":[101,156],"data,":[102],"which":[103,256],"not":[105,293],"collected":[106],"1.":[109],"then":[114],"employed":[115],"predict":[117],"VIIRS":[118],"multiple":[121],"days":[122],"an":[126],"accuracy":[127,196,268],"stability":[129,304],"check.":[130],"results":[132],"were":[133,148,233],"validated":[134],"against":[135],"biases":[137,215],"between":[138],"sensor":[140],"observations":[141],"CRTM":[143],"calculations":[144],"(O-M).":[145],"objectives":[147],"(1)":[150],"enhance":[151],"performance":[153,171],"include":[155],"analysis,":[157],"improve":[159,266],"stability,":[161],"accuracy,":[162],"efficiency;":[164],"(2)":[166],"understand":[168],"based":[172],"on":[173],"combination":[175],"of":[176,186,252],"statistics":[178],"physical":[180],"interpretation.":[181],"According":[182],"analyses":[185],"F-score,":[188],"prediction":[190,267,282],"result":[191],"showed":[192],"~96%":[193],"~97%":[195],"for":[197,222,305,326],"day":[198,226,307],"night,":[200,309],"respectively.":[201],"type":[203,254],"Cloud":[204],"most":[207],"accurate,":[208],"followed":[209],"Clear-Sky.":[211],"O-M":[213,275,314],"mean":[214],"are":[216],"comparable":[217],"ACSPO":[220],"all":[223],"bands,":[224],"both":[225,306],"night.":[228],"standard":[230],"deviations":[231],"(STD)":[232],"slightly":[234],"degraded":[235],"long":[237],"wave":[238],"IRs":[239],"(M14,":[240],"M15,":[241],"M16),":[243],"mainly":[244],"due":[245],"contamination":[247],"3%":[250],"misclassification":[251],"Cloud,":[255],"may":[257],"require":[258],"be":[262,324],"fine-tuned":[264],"future.":[271],"However,":[272],"consistent":[274],"means":[276,315],"STDs":[278],"persist":[279],"throughout":[280],"period,":[283],"suggesting":[284],"that":[285],"2":[288,320],"is":[289,321],"robust":[290],"does":[292],"have":[294],"significant":[295],"overfitting.":[296],"Given":[297],"high":[299,310],"F-scores,":[300],"spatial":[301],"long-term":[303],"efficiency,":[311],"acceptable":[313],"STDs,":[317],"deemed":[322],"ready":[325],"use":[327],"FCDN_CRTM.":[330]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
