{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3119272442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020165","title":"Non-Linear Modeling of Detectability of Ship Wake Components in Dependency to Influencing Parameters Using Spaceborne X-Band SAR","display_name":"Non-Linear Modeling of Detectability of Ship Wake Components in Dependency to Influencing Parameters Using Spaceborne X-Band SAR","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3119272442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020165","mag":"3119272442"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13020165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020165","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088194038","display_name":"Bj\u00f6rn Tings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1945-6433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bj\u00f6rn Tings","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center, Am Fallturm 9, 28359 Bremen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center, Am Fallturm 9, 28359 Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088194038"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":1723,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1858},"fwci":2.66,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88382241,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"165","last_page":"165"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12316","display_name":"Oil Spill Detection and Mitigation","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11604","display_name":"Ship Hydrodynamics and Maneuverability","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wake","display_name":"Wake","score":0.9738492965698242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.47831085324287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3646538257598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.35713934898376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3421822786331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.33860403299331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.2250400185585022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48939323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294879","display_name":"Wake","level":2,"score":0.9738492965698242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.47831085324287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3646538257598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.35713934898376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3421822786331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.33860403299331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2250400185585022}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13020165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:140045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020165>.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7b7ff62d14884341bbf942aca1c92c1e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7b7ff62d14884341bbf942aca1c92c1e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 2, p 165 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/2/165/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13020165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 2; Pages: 165","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13020165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13034104","https://openalex.org/W1525646248","https://openalex.org/W1680392829","https://openalex.org/W1880873623","https://openalex.org/W1928522017","https://openalex.org/W1969728516","https://openalex.org/W1973031729","https://openalex.org/W1973096989","https://openalex.org/W1976448413","https://openalex.org/W1977393251","https://openalex.org/W1985226606","https://openalex.org/W2005477684","https://openalex.org/W2021261131","https://openalex.org/W2033297583","https://openalex.org/W2034875816","https://openalex.org/W2040752638","https://openalex.org/W2056351172","https://openalex.org/W2061013477","https://openalex.org/W2062395171","https://openalex.org/W2088325777","https://openalex.org/W2095801035","https://openalex.org/W2102027227","https://openalex.org/W2103217263","https://openalex.org/W2123311577","https://openalex.org/W2133416249","https://openalex.org/W2153460711","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2159135307","https://openalex.org/W2165435546","https://openalex.org/W2166716192","https://openalex.org/W2241832725","https://openalex.org/W2400501577","https://openalex.org/W2440124605","https://openalex.org/W2630249711","https://openalex.org/W2783976636","https://openalex.org/W2898457859","https://openalex.org/W2922020877","https://openalex.org/W2973963337","https://openalex.org/W2986605133","https://openalex.org/W2987692455","https://openalex.org/W3103760922","https://openalex.org/W3111447869","https://openalex.org/W4212882790","https://openalex.org/W4235407467","https://openalex.org/W6682675615"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2757285599","https://openalex.org/W2376025146","https://openalex.org/W161151693","https://openalex.org/W2955635855","https://openalex.org/W3195741387","https://openalex.org/W2883444180","https://openalex.org/W4381570180","https://openalex.org/W4324257240","https://openalex.org/W2379898265"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,56,140,163,189,213],"detection":[1],"of":[2,5,17,37,58,67,88,91,113,157,222],"the":[3,15,25,34,44,47,52,71,86,89,111,219,223,232],"wakes":[4,184],"moving":[6],"ships":[7],"in":[8,198],"Synthetic":[9],"Aperture":[10],"Radar":[11],"(SAR)":[12],"imagery":[13],"requires":[14],"presence":[16],"wake":[18,29,42,49,60,93,102,161,165,173,193,227],"signatures,":[19],"which":[20,32,69,109],"are":[21,144,196,211,229],"sufficiently":[22],"distinctive":[23],"from":[24,203],"ocean":[26],"background.":[27],"Various":[28],"components":[30,50,61,94,166,228],"exist,":[31],"constitute":[33],"SAR":[35],"signatures":[36],"ship":[38,78],"wakes.":[39],"For":[40,100],"successful":[41],"detection,":[43],"contrast":[45],"between":[46],"detectable":[48,231],"and":[51,135,154,185],"background":[53],"is":[54,62,98,107,218],"crucial.":[55],"detectability":[57,90,105,142,195],"those":[59],"affected":[63],"by":[64],"a":[65,104,155],"number":[66],"parameters,":[68],"represent":[70],"image":[72],"acquisition":[73],"settings,":[74],"environmental":[75],"conditions":[76],"or":[77,148],"properties":[79],"including":[80],"voyage":[81],"information.":[82],"In":[83],"this":[84],"study":[85],"dependency":[87],"individual":[92],"to":[95],"these":[96],"parameters":[97],"characterized.":[99],"each":[101],"component":[103,194],"model":[106],"built,":[108],"takes":[110],"influence":[112],"incidence":[114],"angle,":[115],"polarization,":[116],"wind":[117,119],"speed,":[118],"direction,":[120],"sea":[121],"state":[122],"(significant":[123],"wave":[124,127],"height,":[125],"wavelength,":[126],"direction),":[128],"vessel\u2019s":[129,131,136],"velocity,":[130],"course":[132],"over":[133],"ground":[134],"length":[137],"into":[138],"account.":[139],"presented":[141],"models":[143],"based":[145],"on":[146],"regression":[147],"classification":[149],"using":[150],"Support":[151],"Vector":[152],"Machines":[153],"dataset":[156],"manually":[158],"labelled":[159],"TerraSAR\u2011X":[160],"samples.":[162],"considered":[164],"are:":[167],"near\u2011hull":[168],"turbulences,":[169],"turbulent":[170],"wakes,":[171],"Kelvin":[172,175,179],"arms,":[174],"wake\u2019s":[176,180],"transverse":[177],"waves,":[178,182],"divergent":[181],"V\u2011narrow":[183],"ship\u2011generated":[186],"internal":[187],"waves.":[188],"statements":[190,202],"derived":[191],"about":[192],"mainly":[197],"good":[199],"agreement":[200],"with":[201],"previous":[204],"research,":[205],"but":[206],"also":[207],"some":[208],"new":[209],"assumptions":[210],"provided.":[212],"most":[214],"expressive":[215],"influencing":[216],"parameter":[217],"movement":[220],"velocity":[221],"vessels,":[224],"as":[225],"all":[226],"more":[230],"faster":[233],"vessels":[234],"move.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
