{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3114955580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13010110","title":"Sea Surface Salinity Seasonal Variability in the Tropics from Satellites, Gridded In Situ Products and Mooring Observations","display_name":"Sea Surface Salinity Seasonal Variability in the Tropics from Satellites, Gridded In Situ Products and Mooring Observations","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3114955580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13010110","mag":"3114955580"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13010110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13010110","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/1/110/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/1/110/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068361050","display_name":"Frederick M. Bingham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9848-7141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153901656","display_name":"University of North Carolina Wilmington","ror":"https://ror.org/02t0qr014","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Frederick M. Bingham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-5928, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-5928, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086347551","display_name":"Susannah Brodnitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5035-7222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153901656","display_name":"University of North Carolina Wilmington","ror":"https://ror.org/02t0qr014","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susannah Brodnitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-5928, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-5928, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046529986","display_name":"Lisan Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4157-9154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66958751","display_name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","ror":"https://ror.org/03zbnzt98","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66958751"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisan Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66958751"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068361050"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.8008,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89766526,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":"110","last_page":"110"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argo","display_name":"Argo","score":0.8020913600921631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.7347142100334167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buoy","display_name":"Buoy","score":0.7245171070098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mooring","display_name":"Mooring","score":0.6946122646331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6513921022415161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.5053537487983704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.4310525059700012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-situ","display_name":"In situ","score":0.41409435868263245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.34641218185424805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.29730916023254395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.23121985793113708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10161265730857849}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51614570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647931","display_name":"Argo","level":2,"score":0.8020913600921631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.7347142100334167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779847632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30026","display_name":"Buoy","level":2,"score":0.7245171070098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C994952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17145637","display_name":"Mooring","level":2,"score":0.6946122646331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6513921022415161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.5053537487983704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.4310525059700012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777822432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216681","display_name":"In situ","level":2,"score":0.41409435868263245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.34641218185424805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.29730916023254395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.23121985793113708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10161265730857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13010110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13010110","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/1/110/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:libres.uncg.edu/33706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncw/f/binghamf2020-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401856","display_name":"NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169335092","host_organization_name":"University of North Carolina at Greensboro","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169335092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org:1912/26870","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/26870","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400781","display_name":"Open Access Server of the Woods Hole Scientific Community (Woods Hole Scientific Community)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f7bfc826cdba4b45974e6f827269ff7b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f7bfc826cdba4b45974e6f827269ff7b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 1, p 110 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/13/1/110/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13010110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 13; Issue 1; Pages: 110","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs13010110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13010110","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/1/110/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8700000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2129409436","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC18K1322","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7699402042","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Not_applicable","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322892","funder_display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8185589291","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC18K","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8679672793","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC18K13","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311029","display_name":"Institut Fran\u00e7ais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer","ror":"https://ror.org/044jxhp58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321519","display_name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/04h1h0y33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322037","display_name":"Nuclear Safety and Security Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/05qk3ge34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322892","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324506","display_name":"Mus\u00e9um National d'Histoire Naturelle","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkt5x30"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3114955580.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3114955580.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1860063347","https://openalex.org/W1964022021","https://openalex.org/W1993380299","https://openalex.org/W2003610960","https://openalex.org/W2003733038","https://openalex.org/W2019788555","https://openalex.org/W2042077234","https://openalex.org/W2063207781","https://openalex.org/W2075385168","https://openalex.org/W2077059644","https://openalex.org/W2096283399","https://openalex.org/W2100375943","https://openalex.org/W2118066632","https://openalex.org/W2141219203","https://openalex.org/W2157438556","https://openalex.org/W2163964251","https://openalex.org/W2213722356","https://openalex.org/W2313211616","https://openalex.org/W2328808413","https://openalex.org/W2512174018","https://openalex.org/W2586282132","https://openalex.org/W2594635448","https://openalex.org/W2751661950","https://openalex.org/W2765431235","https://openalex.org/W2804021385","https://openalex.org/W2883199369","https://openalex.org/W2886690809","https://openalex.org/W2888638902","https://openalex.org/W2921324658","https://openalex.org/W2934975149","https://openalex.org/W2941850960","https://openalex.org/W2945407446","https://openalex.org/W2950120524","https://openalex.org/W2950833212","https://openalex.org/W2952130915","https://openalex.org/W2968640764","https://openalex.org/W2983848674","https://openalex.org/W3013216831","https://openalex.org/W3015341207","https://openalex.org/W3091181090","https://openalex.org/W3105899516","https://openalex.org/W3106461116","https://openalex.org/W3122719492","https://openalex.org/W4388615542","https://openalex.org/W6783755881","https://openalex.org/W6786284713"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2356331042","https://openalex.org/W2392729505","https://openalex.org/W1964696258","https://openalex.org/W4251939995","https://openalex.org/W3172060505","https://openalex.org/W1967299485","https://openalex.org/W3187111252","https://openalex.org/W101231987","https://openalex.org/W2074576721","https://openalex.org/W2138833023"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Satellite":[0],"observations":[1,79,152],"of":[2,13,18,33,39,41,115,133,197],"sea":[3],"surface":[4],"salinity":[5],"(SSS)":[6],"have":[7,106],"been":[8],"validated":[9],"in":[10,19,28,54,75,82,99,146,168,175],"a":[11],"number":[12],"instances":[14],"using":[15,78],"different":[16,92,97],"forms":[17],"situ":[20,29,55,76,100,147,169],"data,":[21],"including":[22,110],"Argo":[23],"floats,":[24],"moorings":[25,81,139],"and":[26,52,73,95,113,125,136,140,144,163,166,177,179],"gridded":[27,53,74,98,145,167],"products.":[30,101,148],"Since":[31],"one":[32],"the":[34,59,68,83,127,142,150,164,195],"most":[35],"energetic":[36],"time":[37],"scales":[38],"variability":[40,61],"SSS":[42,70],"is":[43,46],"seasonal,":[44],"it":[45],"important":[47],"to":[48],"know":[49],"if":[50],"satellites":[51],"products":[56,77],"are":[57,120,186],"observing":[58],"seasonal":[60,69,108],"correctly.":[62],"In":[63],"this":[64],"study":[65],"we":[66,105,156],"validate":[67],"from":[71,80],"satellite":[72,93,143,165],"global":[84],"tropical":[85],"moored":[86],"buoy":[87],"array.":[88],"We":[89,129],"utilize":[90],"six":[91],"products,":[94,170],"two":[96],"For":[102],"each":[103,123,192],"product":[104,124,193],"computed":[107],"harmonics,":[109],"amplitude,":[111,134],"phase":[112,135,176],"fraction":[114],"variance":[116],"(R2).":[117],"These":[118],"quantities":[119,190],"mapped":[121],"for":[122,126,191],"moorings.":[128],"also":[130],"do":[131],"comparisons":[132],"R2":[137],"between":[138,161],"all":[141],"Taking":[149],"mooring":[151],"as":[153],"ground":[154],"truth,":[155],"find":[157],"general":[158],"good":[159],"agreement":[160],"them":[162],"with":[171,188],"near":[172],"zero":[173],"bias":[174],"amplitude":[178],"small":[180],"root":[181],"mean":[182],"square":[183],"differences.":[184],"Tables":[185],"presented":[187],"these":[189],"quantifying":[194],"degree":[196],"agreement.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}