{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3116843552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12244149","title":"Identifying Soil Erosion Processes in Alpine Grasslands on Aerial Imagery with a U-Net Convolutional Neural Network","display_name":"Identifying Soil Erosion Processes in Alpine Grasslands on Aerial Imagery with a U-Net Convolutional Neural Network","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3116843552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12244149","mag":"3116843552"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12244149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12244149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12244149","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034051037","display_name":"Maxim Samarin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9242-1827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","display_name":"University of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6k3f65","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maxim Samarin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Basel, Spiegelgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9242-1827","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Basel, Spiegelgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033140352","display_name":"Lauren Zweifel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5730-939X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","display_name":"University of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6k3f65","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauren Zweifel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052211172","display_name":"Volker R\u00f6th","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0991-0273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","display_name":"University of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6k3f65","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Volker Roth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Basel, Spiegelgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Basel, Spiegelgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019454666","display_name":"Christine Alewell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9295-9806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","display_name":"University of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6k3f65","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christine Alewell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034051037"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.9193,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90308531,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"24","first_page":"4149","last_page":"4149"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/erosion","display_name":"Erosion","score":0.5804484486579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5710516571998596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4584299325942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transferability","display_name":"Transferability","score":0.441378116607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.41479259729385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.41173672676086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.37646329402923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.19667083024978638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1788836121559143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1320001482963562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.1040584146976471}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123157820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80026","display_name":"Erosion","level":2,"score":0.5804484486579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5710516571998596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4584299325942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.441378116607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.41479259729385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.41173672676086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.37646329402923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.19667083024978638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1788836121559143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1320001482963562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.1040584146976471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12244149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12244149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5281aedda42e49a7bad2191ff1e8794d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5281aedda42e49a7bad2191ff1e8794d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 24, p 4149 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:edoc.unibas.ch:80000","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://edoc.unibas.ch/80000/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401836","display_name":"edoc (University of Basel)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1850255","host_organization_name":"University of Basel","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1850255"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/24/4149/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12244149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12244149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12244149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8600905772","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"407540_167333","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","funder_display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W576773593","https://openalex.org/W1820041978","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1982629242","https://openalex.org/W2007604451","https://openalex.org/W2019882471","https://openalex.org/W2023138554","https://openalex.org/W2034956097","https://openalex.org/W2038313421","https://openalex.org/W2044907109","https://openalex.org/W2058082754","https://openalex.org/W2064089839","https://openalex.org/W2068681816","https://openalex.org/W2121424372","https://openalex.org/W2123601199","https://openalex.org/W2124132805","https://openalex.org/W2140876198","https://openalex.org/W2147623826","https://openalex.org/W2149064628","https://openalex.org/W2166307700","https://openalex.org/W2493777814","https://openalex.org/W2546649760","https://openalex.org/W2621663019","https://openalex.org/W2740652231","https://openalex.org/W2774320778","https://openalex.org/W2787614951","https://openalex.org/W2792025009","https://openalex.org/W2802092433","https://openalex.org/W2803946774","https://openalex.org/W2810004461","https://openalex.org/W2912361013","https://openalex.org/W2913160016","https://openalex.org/W2913847772","https://openalex.org/W2914096222","https://openalex.org/W2917239289","https://openalex.org/W2922015078","https://openalex.org/W2927122915","https://openalex.org/W2934316736","https://openalex.org/W2940726923","https://openalex.org/W2943484762","https://openalex.org/W2945887186","https://openalex.org/W2949268421","https://openalex.org/W2950851751","https://openalex.org/W2955477134","https://openalex.org/W2960912029","https://openalex.org/W2963334029","https://openalex.org/W2966450079","https://openalex.org/W2969634177","https://openalex.org/W2970455348","https://openalex.org/W2982461770","https://openalex.org/W2986088145","https://openalex.org/W2989010146","https://openalex.org/W2990265654","https://openalex.org/W2999091681","https://openalex.org/W3001525167","https://openalex.org/W3005196103","https://openalex.org/W3008439211","https://openalex.org/W3008537971","https://openalex.org/W3089200648","https://openalex.org/W3102619772","https://openalex.org/W3103657941","https://openalex.org/W3112315548","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6638573532","https://openalex.org/W6655259352","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6723176953","https://openalex.org/W6765492952","https://openalex.org/W6784071601"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399895933","https://openalex.org/W2161221533","https://openalex.org/W4229699405","https://openalex.org/W1666484574","https://openalex.org/W2216382288","https://openalex.org/W2355491300","https://openalex.org/W4234629551","https://openalex.org/W2011110943","https://openalex.org/W2028856635","https://openalex.org/W4309269549"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Erosion":[0,188],"in":[1,29,238,253,318,333],"alpine":[2,12,319],"grasslands":[3],"is":[4,48,283,300,323],"a":[5,49,93,104,109,130,176,181,269,274,302,324,334],"major":[6],"threat":[7],"to":[8,51,63,74,82,87,114,164,193,263,285,305,329],"ecosystem":[9],"services":[10],"of":[11,19,38,72,99,135,242,248,267,271,276,316,340],"soils.":[13],"Natural":[14],"causes":[15],"for":[16,145,152,230],"the":[17,146,161,166,231,310],"occurrence":[18,57],"soil":[20,32],"erosion":[21,40,95,117,137,331],"are":[22,67,78,190,251],"steep":[23],"topography":[24],"and":[25,42,58,77,91,170,180,198,212,224,244,273,291,299,307,313,326],"prevailing":[26],"climate":[27],"conditions":[28],"combination":[30],"with":[31,140,200],"fragility.":[33],"To":[34],"increase":[35],"our":[36,288],"understanding":[37],"ongoing":[39],"processes":[41,118],"support":[43],"sustainable":[44],"land-use":[45,208],"management,":[46],"there":[47],"need":[50],"acquire":[52],"detailed":[53],"information":[54],"on":[55,107,119,129,175,185],"spatial":[56,314],"temporal":[59,182,311],"trends.":[60],"Existing":[61],"approaches":[62],"identify":[64],"these":[65,89],"trends":[66,229,312],"typically":[68],"laborious,":[69],"have":[70],"lack":[71],"transferability":[73,183],"other":[75],"regions,":[76],"consequently":[79],"only":[80],"applicable":[81],"smaller":[83],"regions.":[84],"In":[85],"order":[86],"overcome":[88],"limitations":[90],"create":[92],"sophisticated":[94],"monitoring":[96],"tool":[97,328],"capable":[98],"large-scale":[100],"analysis,":[101],"we":[102],"developed":[103],"model":[105,163],"based":[106,174],"U-Net,":[108],"fully":[110],"convolutional":[111],"neural":[112],"network,":[113],"map":[115,165,330],"different":[116],"high-resolution":[120],"aerial":[121,154,342],"images":[122,155],"(RGB,":[123],"0.25\u20130.5":[124],"m).":[125],"U-Net":[126,162,225,282,322],"was":[127],"trained":[128],"high-quality":[131],"data":[132,294],"set":[133],"consisting":[134],"labeled":[136],"sites":[138,199,250,332],"mapped":[139],"object-based":[141],"image":[142],"analysis":[143],"(OBIA)":[144],"Urseren":[147],"Valley":[148],"(Central":[149],"Swiss":[150],"Alps)":[151],"five":[153],"(16":[156],"year":[157,233],"period).":[158],"We":[159,217],"used":[160],"same":[167],"study":[168,234,289],"area":[169,241],"conduct":[171],"quality":[172],"assessments":[173],"held-out":[177],"test":[178,184],"region":[179],"new":[186,297,341],"images.":[187],"classes":[189],"assigned":[191],"according":[192],"their":[194],"type":[195],"(shallow":[196],"landslide":[197],"reduced":[201],"vegetation":[202],"affected":[203,215],"by":[204,222],"sheet":[205],"erosion)":[206],"or":[207],"impacts":[209],"(livestock":[210],"trails":[211],"larger":[213],"management":[214],"areas).":[216],"show":[218,280],"that":[219,281],"results":[220,279],"obtained":[221],"OBIA":[223],"follow":[226],"similar":[227],"linear":[228],"16":[232],"period,":[235],"exhibiting":[236],"increases":[237],"total":[239],"degraded":[240],"167%":[243],"201%,":[245],"respectively.":[246],"Segmentations":[247],"eroded":[249],"generally":[252],"good":[254],"agreement,":[255],"but":[256],"also":[257],"display":[258],"method-specific":[259],"differences,":[260],"which":[261],"lead":[262],"an":[264],"overall":[265],"precision":[266],"73%,":[268],"recall":[270],"84%,":[272],"F1-score":[275],"78%.":[277],"Our":[278],"transferable":[284],"spatially":[286],"(within":[287],"area)":[290],"temporally":[292],"unseen":[293],"(data":[295],"from":[296],"years)":[298],"therefore":[301],"method":[303],"suitable":[304],"efficiently":[306],"successfully":[308],"capture":[309],"heterogeneity":[315],"degradation":[317],"grasslands.":[320],"Additionally,":[321],"powerful":[325],"robust":[327],"predictive":[335],"manner":[336],"utilising":[337],"large":[338],"amounts":[339],"imagery.":[343]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}