{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3109178429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12233937","title":"Semantic Segmentation of Sentinel-2 Imagery for Mapping Irrigation Center Pivots","display_name":"Semantic Segmentation of Sentinel-2 Imagery for Mapping Irrigation Center Pivots","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3109178429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12233937","mag":"3109178429"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12233937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12233937","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/23/3937/pdf?version=1606881980","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/23/3937/pdf?version=1606881980","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078945723","display_name":"Lukas Valentin Graf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-8258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111978","display_name":"Remote Sensing Solutions (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/023cs4y60","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111978"]}],"countries":["AT","DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Graf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geoinformatics\u2014Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","Vista Remote Sensing in Geosciences GmbH, 80333 Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geoinformatics\u2014Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vista Remote Sensing in Geosciences GmbH, 80333 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111978"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046384625","display_name":"Heike Bach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8060-2498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111978","display_name":"Remote Sensing Solutions (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/023cs4y60","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111978"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heike Bach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vista Remote Sensing in Geosciences GmbH, 80333 Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vista Remote Sensing in Geosciences GmbH, 80333 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111978"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033273961","display_name":"Dirk Tiede","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5473-3344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirk Tiede","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geoinformatics\u2014Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geoinformatics\u2014Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078945723"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641","https://openalex.org/I4210111978"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.6076,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83027691,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"23","first_page":"3937","last_page":"3937"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11404","display_name":"Irrigation Practices and Water Management","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.6234484910964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5722769498825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5650625228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transferability","display_name":"Transferability","score":0.49990153312683105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4989151954650879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4736536741256714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4349220395088196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4210798144340515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.35894009470939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.35557013750076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.1577073335647583}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.6234484910964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5722769498825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5650625228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.49990153312683105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4989151954650879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4736536741256714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4349220395088196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4210798144340515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.35894009470939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.35557013750076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.1577073335647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12233937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12233937","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/23/3937/pdf?version=1606881980","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ca4117ea75824bd1817bb4498b5f03aa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ca4117ea75824bd1817bb4498b5f03aa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 23, p 3937 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/23/3937/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12233937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12233937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12233937","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/23/3937/pdf?version=1606881980","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1089780138","display_name":"From Copernicus Big Data to Extreme Earth Analytics","funder_award_id":"825258","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2020622295","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Big Data","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4956428346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020 research and innovatio","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5036817778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innov","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6039968272","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"825258","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6204020108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"825258.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8318064016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8633428685","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovat","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3109178429.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3109178429.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W29643851","https://openalex.org/W196120302","https://openalex.org/W1034159276","https://openalex.org/W1504181002","https://openalex.org/W1517854276","https://openalex.org/W1596631708","https://openalex.org/W1977205326","https://openalex.org/W1981822534","https://openalex.org/W1982627164","https://openalex.org/W1987817227","https://openalex.org/W1989431366","https://openalex.org/W1994832860","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2000727656","https://openalex.org/W2002934707","https://openalex.org/W2005631279","https://openalex.org/W2006861028","https://openalex.org/W2007497595","https://openalex.org/W2016069720","https://openalex.org/W2017537431","https://openalex.org/W2018639934","https://openalex.org/W2019818223","https://openalex.org/W2020141522","https://openalex.org/W2024235180","https://openalex.org/W2034085189","https://openalex.org/W2038056316","https://openalex.org/W2050588674","https://openalex.org/W2051644012","https://openalex.org/W2056435747","https://openalex.org/W2057016293","https://openalex.org/W2057036304","https://openalex.org/W2058312673","https://openalex.org/W2062227835","https://openalex.org/W2071128523","https://openalex.org/W2073336104","https://openalex.org/W2084770064","https://openalex.org/W2098428772","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2113843870","https://openalex.org/W2133107448","https://openalex.org/W2134893701","https://openalex.org/W2136904244","https://openalex.org/W2138822692","https://openalex.org/W2144552105","https://openalex.org/W2157825442","https://openalex.org/W2170505850","https://openalex.org/W2280103703","https://openalex.org/W2294798173","https://openalex.org/W2329546436","https://openalex.org/W2330219538","https://openalex.org/W2339194832","https://openalex.org/W2344005843","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2499316477","https://openalex.org/W2522569064","https://openalex.org/W2559298198","https://openalex.org/W2577537809","https://openalex.org/W2662591963","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2781795355","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2888728157","https://openalex.org/W2891090518","https://openalex.org/W2891426380","https://openalex.org/W2900570535","https://openalex.org/W2960006337","https://openalex.org/W2963334029","https://openalex.org/W2963859992","https://openalex.org/W2971419816","https://openalex.org/W2977538349","https://openalex.org/W2999262977","https://openalex.org/W3004825157","https://openalex.org/W3005072025","https://openalex.org/W3015137929","https://openalex.org/W3102779874","https://openalex.org/W3146994407","https://openalex.org/W4241914685","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6658928019"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161221533","https://openalex.org/W4229699405","https://openalex.org/W1666484574","https://openalex.org/W2216382288","https://openalex.org/W2355491300","https://openalex.org/W4234629551","https://openalex.org/W2011110943","https://openalex.org/W2028856635","https://openalex.org/W2150257691","https://openalex.org/W2011433332"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Estimating":[0],"the":[1,38,46,50,65,69,89,102,125,129,136,155,176,199,203,212,228,234,254,306,316],"number":[2],"and":[3,58,101,123,141,164,191,210,221,247,276,296],"size":[4],"of":[5,45,49,68,112,128,167,202,218,256,309,318],"irrigation":[6],"center":[7,204],"pivot":[8,205],"systems":[9],"(CPS)":[10],"from":[11],"remotely":[12],"sensed":[13],"data,":[14],"using":[15],"artificial":[16],"intelligence":[17],"(AI),":[18],"is":[19,62,72,78,241],"a":[20,73,117,165,215,264,277],"potential":[21],"information":[22],"source":[23],"for":[24,285,302],"assessing":[25],"agricultural":[26],"water":[27],"use.":[28],"In":[29,207],"this":[30],"study,":[31],"we":[32,87],"identified":[33],"two":[34,133],"technical":[35],"challenges":[36],"in":[37,120,139,172,198,270],"neural-network-based":[39],"classification:":[40],"Firstly,":[41],"an":[42,243],"effective":[43,293],"reduction":[44,268,295],"feature":[47],"space":[48],"remote":[51],"sensing":[52],"data":[53],"to":[54,79,132,249],"shorten":[55],"training":[56,274,280],"times":[57,275],"increase":[59],"classification":[60,182],"accuracy":[61,183],"required.":[63],"Secondly,":[64],"geographical":[66,239],"transferability":[67,127,298],"AI":[70,77],"algorithms":[71],"pressing":[74],"issue":[75],"if":[76],"replace":[80],"human":[81],"mapping":[82,317],"efforts":[83],"one":[84],"day.":[85],"Therefore,":[86],"trained":[88,130],"semantic":[90],"image":[91],"segmentation":[92,192],"algorithm":[93],"U-NET":[94,144,147,161,185,188],"on":[95,116],"four":[96],"spectral":[97,266],"channels":[98],"(U-NET":[99,107,169],"SPECS)":[100],"first":[103],"three":[104,151],"principal":[105,108],"components":[106],"component":[109],"analysis":[110],"(PCA))":[111],"ESA/Copernicus":[113],"Sentinel-2":[114],"images":[115],"study":[118,152],"area":[119],"Texas,":[121],"USA,":[122],"assessed":[124],"geographic":[126,297],"models":[131,179],"other":[134],"sites:":[135],"Duero":[137,213,235],"basin,":[138],"Spain,":[140],"South":[142,173,208],"Africa.":[143,174],"SPECS":[145],"outperformed":[146],"PCA":[148,263],"at":[149,158,211,233],"all":[150],"areas,":[153],"with":[154],"highest":[156],"f1-score":[157],"Texas":[159],"(0.87,":[160],"PCA:":[162,170,186],"0.83),":[163],"value":[166],"0.68":[168],"0.43)":[171],"At":[175],"Duero,":[177],"both":[178],"showed":[180],"poor":[181],"(f1-score":[184],"0.08;":[187],"SPECS:":[189],"0.16)":[190],"quality,":[193],"which":[194,226],"was":[195,224],"particularly":[196],"evident":[197],"incomplete":[200],"representation":[201],"geometries.":[206],"Africa":[209],"site,":[214],"high":[216],"rate":[217],"false":[219,222],"positive":[220],"negative":[223],"observed,":[225],"made":[227],"model":[229,245],"less":[230],"useful,":[231],"especially":[232],"test":[236],"site.":[237],"Thus,":[238],"invariance":[240],"not":[242,261,313],"inherent":[244],"property":[246],"seems":[248],"be":[250],"mainly":[251],"driven":[252],"by":[253],"complexity":[255],"land-use":[257],"pattern.":[258],"We":[259,289],"do":[260],"consider":[262],"suited":[265],"dimensionality":[267,294],"measure":[269],"this.":[271],"However,":[272],"shorter":[273],"more":[278],"stable":[279],"process":[281],"indicate":[282],"promising":[283],"prospects":[284,301],"reducing":[286],"computational":[287],"burdens.":[288],"therefore":[290],"conclude":[291],"that":[292],"are":[299],"important":[300],"further":[303],"research":[304],"towards":[305],"operational":[307],"usage":[308],"deep":[310],"learning":[311],"algorithms,":[312],"only":[314],"regarding":[315],"CPS.":[319]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}