{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3106773742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12223810","title":"An Unsupervised Urban Extent Extraction Method from NPP-VIIRS Nighttime Light Data","display_name":"An Unsupervised Urban Extent Extraction Method from NPP-VIIRS Nighttime Light Data","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3106773742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12223810","mag":"3106773742"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12223810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12223810","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/22/3810/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/22/3810/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042971980","display_name":"Xiuxiu Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuxiu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100401308","display_name":"Feng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1475-8480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou 310028, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1475-8480","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou 310028, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069094261","display_name":"Zhenhong Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9449-0415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhong Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou 310028, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou 310028, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102930211","display_name":"Renyi Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renyi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou 310028, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou 310028, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100401308"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.5136,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68600296,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"22","first_page":"3810","last_page":"3810"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.609381377696991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5981831550598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urbanization","display_name":"Urbanization","score":0.5665621757507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5335738062858582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-planning","display_name":"Urban planning","score":0.528444766998291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4778944253921509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.45795854926109314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4555633068084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-climate","display_name":"Urban climate","score":0.4336804747581482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-area","display_name":"Urban area","score":0.4235406816005707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3382888734340668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22526246309280396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering","display_name":"Civil engineering","score":0.08035311102867126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.609381377696991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5981831550598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.5665621757507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5335738062858582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.528444766998291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4778944253921509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.45795854926109314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4555633068084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158049464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1075337","display_name":"Urban climate","level":3,"score":0.4336804747581482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778368647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q702492","display_name":"Urban area","level":2,"score":0.4235406816005707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3382888734340668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22526246309280396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.08035311102867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12223810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12223810","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/22/3810/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:20a147579bfd4f52a39cedb163141b6f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/20a147579bfd4f52a39cedb163141b6f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 22, p 3810 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/22/3810/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12223810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 22; Pages: 3810","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12223810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12223810","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/22/3810/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3144976310","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB0505000,2017YFB0503604","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335778","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Infrastructure Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8854488057","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41671391, 41922043, 41871287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335778","display_name":"National Science and Technology Infrastructure Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3106773742.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963877158","https://openalex.org/W1991995284","https://openalex.org/W2001075407","https://openalex.org/W2004056710","https://openalex.org/W2018354254","https://openalex.org/W2050571985","https://openalex.org/W2069624290","https://openalex.org/W2088001257","https://openalex.org/W2091793895","https://openalex.org/W2105244019","https://openalex.org/W2108020892","https://openalex.org/W2131758622","https://openalex.org/W2137043027","https://openalex.org/W2141409967","https://openalex.org/W2142487694","https://openalex.org/W2147258346","https://openalex.org/W2153820558","https://openalex.org/W2169214517","https://openalex.org/W2529139408","https://openalex.org/W2590347033","https://openalex.org/W2594796036","https://openalex.org/W2626984862","https://openalex.org/W2791784608","https://openalex.org/W2793089905","https://openalex.org/W2793327769","https://openalex.org/W2804502744","https://openalex.org/W2898070142","https://openalex.org/W2904271136","https://openalex.org/W2905908047","https://openalex.org/W2944853495","https://openalex.org/W2945421875","https://openalex.org/W2947259065","https://openalex.org/W2989341113","https://openalex.org/W2990323597","https://openalex.org/W2991437828","https://openalex.org/W2993498768","https://openalex.org/W3150806421","https://openalex.org/W6675842069"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3139771780","https://openalex.org/W2986074486","https://openalex.org/W2023971965","https://openalex.org/W2382540100","https://openalex.org/W2359268530","https://openalex.org/W610888238","https://openalex.org/W2259669067","https://openalex.org/W2389900588","https://openalex.org/W2625176280","https://openalex.org/W2388358789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"accelerating":[1],"trend":[2],"of":[3,37,218,265],"global":[4,30,47,317],"urbanization":[5],"accompanying":[6],"various":[7],"environmental":[8],"and":[9,29,41,46,65,71,105,122,138,158,171,201,226,237,245,271,289,299,310,316,320],"urban":[10,14,25,52,82,98,117,143,148,165,168,177,191,198,203,206,216,294,308,311],"issues":[11],"makes":[12],"frequently":[13],"mapping.":[15],"Nighttime":[16],"light":[17,59,102],"data":[18,60,64,74,103],"(NTL)":[19],"has":[20],"shown":[21],"great":[22],"advantages":[23],"in":[24,142,205,278],"mapping":[26,309],"at":[27,84,314],"regional":[28,315],"scales":[31,318],"over":[32],"long":[33],"time":[34,72],"series":[35],"because":[36],"its":[38],"appropriate":[39],"spatial":[40,124,154],"temporal":[42],"resolution,":[43],"free":[44],"access,":[45],"coverage.":[48],"However,":[49],"the":[50,78,120,134,147,159,176,189,197,202,215,232,238,283,304],"existing":[51],"extent":[53,83,99,192,295],"extraction":[54],"methods":[55],"based":[56],"on":[57,62],"nighttime":[58,101],"rely":[61],"auxiliary":[63],"training":[66],"samples,":[67],"which":[68],"require":[69],"labor":[70],"for":[73,292,307],"preparation,":[75],"leading":[76],"to":[77,80,91,96,115,129,260],"difficulty":[79],"extract":[81,97],"a":[85,287],"large":[86],"scale.":[87],"This":[88],"study":[89,280],"seeks":[90],"develop":[92],"an":[93,183,263],"unsupervised":[94],"method":[95,211,235,252,285,291],"from":[100,119,133,258],"rapidly":[104],"accurately":[106],"without":[107],"ancillary":[108],"data.":[109],"The":[110,209,254,276],"clustering":[111],"algorithm":[112],"is":[113,151,162,193,286],"applied":[114],"segment":[116],"areas":[118,137],"background":[121],"multi-scale":[123],"context":[125,155],"constraints":[126],"are":[127,180],"utilized":[128],"reduce":[130],"errors":[131],"arising":[132],"low":[135],"brightness":[136],"increase":[139],"detail":[140],"information":[141],"edge":[144,149,169,178,207],"district.":[145,174,208],"Firstly,":[146],"district":[150,170],"detected":[152],"using":[153,214],"constrained":[156],"clustering,":[157],"NTL":[160],"image":[161],"divided":[163],"into":[164],"interior":[166,173],"district,":[167],"non-urban":[172],"Secondly,":[175],"pixels":[179,200,204],"classified":[181],"by":[182,195,223],"adaptive":[184],"direction":[185],"filtering":[186],"clustering.":[187],"Finally,":[188],"full":[190],"obtained":[194,222],"merging":[196],"inner":[199],"proposed":[210,284],"was":[212],"validated":[213],"extents":[217],"25":[219],"Chinese":[220],"cities,":[221],"Landsat8":[224],"images":[225],"compared":[227],"with":[228,262,296],"two":[229],"common":[230],"methods,":[231],"local-optimized":[233],"threshold":[234],"(LOT)":[236],"integrated":[239],"night":[240],"light,":[241],"normalized":[242],"vegetation":[243],"index,":[244],"surface":[246],"temperature":[247],"support":[248],"vector":[249],"machine":[250],"classification":[251],"(INNL-SVM).":[253],"Kappa":[255],"coefficient":[256],"ranged":[257],"0.687":[259],"0.829":[261],"average":[264],"0.7686":[266],"(1.80%":[267],"higher":[268,273],"than":[269,274],"LOT":[270],"4.88%":[272],"INNL-SVM).":[275],"results":[277],"this":[279],"show":[281],"that":[282],"reliable":[288],"efficient":[290],"extracting":[293],"high":[297],"accuracy":[298],"simple":[300],"operation.":[301],"These":[302],"imply":[303],"significant":[305],"potential":[306],"expansion":[312],"research":[313],"automatically":[319],"accurately.":[321]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
