{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3095344569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213611","title":"Flood Mapping in Vegetated Areas Using an Unsupervised Clustering Approach on Sentinel-1 and -2 Imagery","display_name":"Flood Mapping in Vegetated Areas Using an Unsupervised Clustering Approach on Sentinel-1 and -2 Imagery","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3095344569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213611","mag":"3095344569"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12213611","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213611","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/21/3611/pdf?version=1604404445","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/21/3611/pdf?version=1604404445","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011786146","display_name":"Lisa Landuyt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7905-4882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lisa Landuyt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","Remote Sensing|Spatial Analysis Lab (REMOSA), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7905-4882","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing|Spatial Analysis Lab (REMOSA), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056787306","display_name":"Niko E. C. Verhoest","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4116-8881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niko E. C. Verhoest","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4116-8881","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112613245","display_name":"Frieke M.B. Van Coillie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frieke M. B. Van Coillie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing|Spatial Analysis Lab (REMOSA), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3161-2144","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing|Spatial Analysis Lab (REMOSA), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011786146"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.307,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89253921,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"21","first_page":"3611","last_page":"3611"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9771999716758728,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6887463331222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6863794326782227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.6283888816833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flooding","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","score":0.5062221884727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.4950832426548004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49495381116867065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.48642396926879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4826658070087433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3902454972267151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.32751139998435974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28951528668403625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.19260075688362122}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6887463331222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6863794326782227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.6283888816833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186594467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429176","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5062221884727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.4950832426548004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49495381116867065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.48642396926879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4826658070087433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3902454972267151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.32751139998435974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28951528668403625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.19260075688362122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12213611","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213611","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/21/3611/pdf?version=1604404445","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:8682747","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-8682747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 2072-4292","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1751cd36d6674be7af13b9d94f3d5d0b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1751cd36d6674be7af13b9d94f3d5d0b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 21, p 3611 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/21/3611/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12213611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12213611","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213611","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/21/3611/pdf?version=1604404445","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6922727914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G.0179.16N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3095344569.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3095344569.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508404128","https://openalex.org/W1524502237","https://openalex.org/W1559703043","https://openalex.org/W1970672417","https://openalex.org/W1971444184","https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W1982188349","https://openalex.org/W1990926923","https://openalex.org/W1993192324","https://openalex.org/W2035734375","https://openalex.org/W2048976523","https://openalex.org/W2054571605","https://openalex.org/W2060962059","https://openalex.org/W2061607452","https://openalex.org/W2080020532","https://openalex.org/W2099300271","https://openalex.org/W2127256149","https://openalex.org/W2137213180","https://openalex.org/W2140624467","https://openalex.org/W2147771508","https://openalex.org/W2158000553","https://openalex.org/W2158776858","https://openalex.org/W2163307144","https://openalex.org/W2166297136","https://openalex.org/W2171675471","https://openalex.org/W2292718396","https://openalex.org/W2420566945","https://openalex.org/W2462089918","https://openalex.org/W2472563594","https://openalex.org/W2507017087","https://openalex.org/W2564932286","https://openalex.org/W2598524286","https://openalex.org/W2633722567","https://openalex.org/W2751895300","https://openalex.org/W2769757457","https://openalex.org/W2784203435","https://openalex.org/W2790399144","https://openalex.org/W2796959188","https://openalex.org/W2803972022","https://openalex.org/W2804794719","https://openalex.org/W2805194363","https://openalex.org/W2808945524","https://openalex.org/W2810761072","https://openalex.org/W2885158046","https://openalex.org/W2886312349","https://openalex.org/W2900319872","https://openalex.org/W2901113940","https://openalex.org/W2910531141","https://openalex.org/W2945735632","https://openalex.org/W2967869742","https://openalex.org/W2974705290","https://openalex.org/W2975562661","https://openalex.org/W2980037665","https://openalex.org/W2980518171","https://openalex.org/W2993763696","https://openalex.org/W2995256253","https://openalex.org/W3003923526","https://openalex.org/W3013341479","https://openalex.org/W3021138151","https://openalex.org/W3036059328","https://openalex.org/W3042141803","https://openalex.org/W3048977899","https://openalex.org/W3081303005","https://openalex.org/W3090288395","https://openalex.org/W6644682428","https://openalex.org/W6665616240","https://openalex.org/W6683201153","https://openalex.org/W6731169396","https://openalex.org/W6752130569","https://openalex.org/W6908543590"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542224353","https://openalex.org/W1661087619","https://openalex.org/W2116854923","https://openalex.org/W2750730210","https://openalex.org/W2236974868","https://openalex.org/W4312766348","https://openalex.org/W4233939244","https://openalex.org/W2730764323","https://openalex.org/W3123806511","https://openalex.org/W1976727107"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,18,146,170],"European":[1],"Space":[2],"Agency\u2019s":[3],"Sentinel-1":[4],"constellation":[5],"provides":[6],"timely":[7],"and":[8,22,57,63,83,91,118,132,157,195,203,206],"freely":[9,90],"available":[10,93],"dual-polarized":[11],"C-band":[12],"Synthetic":[13],"Aperture":[14],"Radar":[15],"(SAR)":[16],"imagery.":[17],"launch":[19],"of":[20,30,50,54,77,85,104,140,179,219],"these":[21,224],"other":[23],"SAR":[24,99],"sensors":[25],"has":[26],"boosted":[27],"the":[28,48,61,81,102,133,186,201,204],"field":[29],"SAR-based":[31],"flood":[32,35],"mapping.":[33],"However,":[34],"mapping":[36,78],"in":[37,80],"vegetated":[38],"areas":[39],"remains":[40],"a":[41,51,98,114],"topic":[42],"under":[43],"investigation,":[44],"as":[45,168],"backscatter":[46],"is":[47,106,136,172],"result":[49],"complex":[52],"mixture":[53],"backscattering":[55],"mechanisms":[56],"strongly":[58],"depends":[59],"on":[60,89,97,128,175,200],"wave":[62],"vegetation":[64,87],"characteristics.":[65],"In":[66],"this":[67,213],"paper,":[68],"we":[69],"present":[70],"an":[71,216],"unsupervised":[72],"object-based":[73,207],"clustering":[74],"framework":[75,171,214],"capable":[76],"flooding":[79],"presence":[82],"absence":[84],"flooded":[86,158,183],"based":[88,127,174],"globally":[92],"data":[94,221],"only.":[95],"Based":[96],"image":[100],"pair,":[101],"region":[103,142],"interest":[105],"segmented":[107],"into":[108],"objects,":[109],"which":[110,162,180],"are":[111,124,166,197,210],"converted":[112],"to":[113],"SAR-optical":[115],"feature":[116],"space":[117],"clustered":[119],"using":[120],"K-means.":[121],"These":[122],"clusters":[123],"then":[125],"classified":[126],"automatically":[129],"determined":[130],"thresholds,":[131],"resulting":[134],"classification":[135],"refined":[137],"by":[138],"means":[139],"several":[141],"growing":[143],"post-processing":[144],"steps.":[145],"final":[147],"outcome":[148],"discriminates":[149],"between":[150,193],"dry":[151],"land,":[152],"permanent":[153],"water,":[154],"open":[155],"flooding,":[156,165],"vegetation.":[159,184],"Forested":[160],"areas,":[161],"might":[163],"hide":[164],"indicated":[167],"well.":[169],"presented":[173],"four":[176],"case":[177],"studies,":[178],"two":[181],"contain":[182],"For":[185],"optimal":[187],"parameter":[188],"combination,":[189],"three-class":[190],"F1":[191],"scores":[192],"0.76":[194],"0.91":[196],"obtained":[198],"depending":[199],"case,":[202],"pixel-":[205],"thresholding":[208],"benchmarks":[209],"outperformed.":[211],"Furthermore,":[212],"allows":[215],"easy":[217],"integration":[218],"additional":[220],"sources":[222],"when":[223],"become":[225],"available.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}