{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3095480996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213509","title":"On the Land-Sea Contrast in the Surface Solar Radiation (SSR) in the Baltic Region","display_name":"On the Land-Sea Contrast in the Surface Solar Radiation (SSR) in the Baltic Region","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3095480996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213509","mag":"3095480996"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12213509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213509","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/21/3509/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/21/3509/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070191672","display_name":"Anders V. Lindfors","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9305-0864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285790362","display_name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05hppb561","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284112523","https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anders V. Lindfors","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9305-0864","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046760798","display_name":"Axel Hertsberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285790362","display_name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05hppb561","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284112523","https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Axel Hertsberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083301256","display_name":"Aku Riihel\u00e4","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6581-8792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285790362","display_name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05hppb561","country_code":"FI","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284112523","https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aku Riihel\u00e4","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6581-8792","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285790362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066231583","display_name":"Thomas Carlund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6681-7182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293302089","display_name":"Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00hgzve81","country_code":"SE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293302089"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Carlund","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, 60176 Norrk\u00f6ping, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6681-7182","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, 60176 Norrk\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293302089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053759534","display_name":"J\u00f6rg Trentmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9308-3823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172825728","display_name":"Deutscher Wetterdienst","ror":"https://ror.org/02nrqs528","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172825728"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00f6rg Trentmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsche Wetterdienst, 63067 Offenbach, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9308-3823","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsche Wetterdienst, 63067 Offenbach, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172825728"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082492570","display_name":"Richard M\u00fcller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0376-0393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172825728","display_name":"Deutscher Wetterdienst","ror":"https://ror.org/02nrqs528","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172825728"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard M\u00fcller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsche Wetterdienst, 63067 Offenbach, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0376-0393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsche Wetterdienst, 63067 Offenbach, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172825728"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070191672"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285790362"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.4109,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65747425,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"21","first_page":"3509","last_page":"3509"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyranometer","display_name":"Pyranometer","score":0.5544916391372681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5369816422462463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baltic-sea","display_name":"Baltic sea","score":0.5361471176147461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.5098101496696472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shore","display_name":"Shore","score":0.4189332127571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.16762438416481018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-energy","display_name":"Solar energy","score":0.15717360377311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.1524539291858673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.08097589015960693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24911498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653486","display_name":"Pyranometer","level":3,"score":0.5544916391372681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5369816422462463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986433049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545","display_name":"Baltic sea","level":2,"score":0.5361471176147461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.5098101496696472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152382732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468756","display_name":"Shore","level":2,"score":0.4189332127571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.16762438416481018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541104983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40015","display_name":"Solar energy","level":2,"score":0.15717360377311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.1524539291858673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.08097589015960693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12213509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213509","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/21/3509/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:smhi-6015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:smhi:diva-6015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bfef97550f9a47969a541a7b77085df9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bfef97550f9a47969a541a7b77085df9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 21, p 3509 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/21/3509/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12213509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 21; Pages: 3509","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12213509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213509","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/21/3509/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6230384913","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"314167","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8395751580","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"284536","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557303865","https://openalex.org/W1846317343","https://openalex.org/W2005217310","https://openalex.org/W2009289073","https://openalex.org/W2025487872","https://openalex.org/W2041557412","https://openalex.org/W2045470555","https://openalex.org/W2045681776","https://openalex.org/W2072326252","https://openalex.org/W2080073894","https://openalex.org/W2083792985","https://openalex.org/W2155474763","https://openalex.org/W2159400622","https://openalex.org/W2565795498","https://openalex.org/W2900580981","https://openalex.org/W2904737795","https://openalex.org/W4249268861"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2188917282","https://openalex.org/W2592852582","https://openalex.org/W1538132521","https://openalex.org/W4389128179","https://openalex.org/W2034718346","https://openalex.org/W4298012336","https://openalex.org/W2606696102","https://openalex.org/W2995901815","https://openalex.org/W3158794667","https://openalex.org/W2950705936"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,144,224],"climatological":[1,87,128],"surface":[2],"solar":[3,23,61],"radiation":[4],"(SSR;":[5],"also":[6],"called":[7],"global":[8],"radiation),":[9],"which":[10,191],"is":[11,17,166,204,222,231],"largely":[12],"dependent":[13],"on":[14,52,150],"cloud":[15,36],"conditions,":[16],"an":[18,246],"important":[19,247],"indicator":[20],"of":[21,90,119,126,138,186,240,266],"the":[22,28,46,49,53,71,78,86,91,94,120,124,127,132,139,142,160,164,169,172,176,187,196,201,210,229,238,260,263,267],"energy":[24,62],"production":[25],"potential.":[26],"In":[27,80],"Baltic":[29,95],"area,":[30],"previous":[31],"studies":[32],"have":[33,84],"indicated":[34],"lower":[35],"amounts":[37],"over":[38,41,93,131,254,259],"seas":[39,261],"than":[40,155,199,212,258],"land,":[42],"in":[43,75,163,175,183,228],"particular":[44],"during":[45,168,262],"summer.":[47,170],"However,":[48],"existing":[50],"literature":[51],"SSR":[54,72,92,130,154,165,179,203,230],"climate":[55,103],"or":[56],"how":[57,70],"it":[58],"translates":[59],"into":[60],"potential":[63],"has":[64],"not":[65],"paid":[66],"much":[67],"attention":[68],"to":[69,77,141,234,237,252],"behaves":[73],"quantitatively":[74],"relation":[76],"coastline.":[79,143],"this":[81,220],"paper,":[82],"we":[83,99],"studied":[85],"land\u2013sea":[88,161,173,226],"contrast":[89,162,174,227],"area.":[96],"For":[97,189,216],"this,":[98],"used":[100],"two":[101],"satellite":[102],"data":[104,113],"records,":[105],"CLARA-A2":[106],"and":[107,115,158],"SARAH-2,":[108,200],"together":[109],"with":[110,195],"a":[111,136],"coastline":[112,211],"base":[114],"ground-based":[116,197],"pyranometer":[117],"measurements":[118,198],"SSR.":[121],"We":[122],"analyzed":[123],"behaviour":[125],"mean":[129],"period":[133],"2003\u20132013":[134],"as":[135,249],"function":[137],"distance":[140],"results":[145],"show":[146],"that":[147,159],"off-shore":[148],"locations":[149],"average":[151],"receive":[152],"higher":[153,206],"inland":[156,255],"areas":[157,256],"strongest":[167],"Furthermore,":[171],"summer":[177,264],"time":[178],"exhibits":[180],"similar":[181],"behavior":[182,239],"various":[184],"parts":[185],"Baltic.":[188],"CLARA-A2,":[190],"shows":[192],"better":[193],"agreement":[194],"annual":[202],"8%":[205],"20":[207,213],"km":[208,214],"off":[209],"inland.":[215],"summer,":[217],"i.e.,":[218],"June\u2013August,":[219],"difference":[221],"10%.":[223],"observed":[225],"further":[232],"shown":[233],"correspond":[235],"closely":[236],"clouds.":[241],"Here,":[242],"convective":[243],"clouds":[244],"play":[245],"role":[248],"they":[250],"tend":[251],"form":[253],"rather":[257],"part":[265],"year.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2020-11-09T00:00:00"}