{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3097480755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213495","title":"Moving Target Detection in Multi-Static GNSS-Based Passive Radar Based on Multi-Bernoulli Filter","display_name":"Moving Target Detection in Multi-Static GNSS-Based Passive Radar Based on Multi-Bernoulli Filter","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3097480755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213495","mag":"3097480755"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12213495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213495","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/21/3495/pdf?version=1604046349","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/21/3495/pdf?version=1604046349","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041138969","display_name":"Hongcheng Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4727-9980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"HongCheng Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100332980","display_name":"Jie Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9370-3965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100704036","display_name":"Pengbo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6364-9806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"PengBo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062908102","display_name":"Wei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2968-2888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059151698","display_name":"Xinkai Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9352-5695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"XinKai Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047073083","display_name":"Wei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8935-294X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100704036"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":12.7508,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98051548,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"21","first_page":"3495","last_page":"3495"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7505375742912292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6486980319023132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5296922326087952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.5037114024162292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passive-radar","display_name":"Passive radar","score":0.44927772879600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bernoullis-principle","display_name":"Bernoulli's principle","score":0.4151343107223511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3380178213119507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.2213572859764099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.20796319842338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.19283133745193481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13325563073158264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09489509463310242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.08585736155509949}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7505375742912292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6486980319023132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5296922326087952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5037114024162292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151120012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2143008","display_name":"Passive radar","level":5,"score":0.44927772879600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152361515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181328","display_name":"Bernoulli's principle","level":2,"score":0.4151343107223511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3380178213119507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.2213572859764099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.20796319842338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.19283133745193481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13325563073158264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09489509463310242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.08585736155509949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12213495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213495","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/21/3495/pdf?version=1604046349","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:167300","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:98cb705dadc64a6585fe2ab87603e181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/98cb705dadc64a6585fe2ab87603e181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 21, p 3495 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/21/3495/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12213495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12213495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213495","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/21/3495/pdf?version=1604046349","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3778927418","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61861136008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G989162299","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4194081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3097480755.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3097480755.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W34992941","https://openalex.org/W95648628","https://openalex.org/W1974439616","https://openalex.org/W1994684794","https://openalex.org/W1997942227","https://openalex.org/W2004659713","https://openalex.org/W2014787937","https://openalex.org/W2030209988","https://openalex.org/W2033804800","https://openalex.org/W2046675322","https://openalex.org/W2049244691","https://openalex.org/W2053286025","https://openalex.org/W2072644516","https://openalex.org/W2073307200","https://openalex.org/W2079299474","https://openalex.org/W2084551895","https://openalex.org/W2099191469","https://openalex.org/W2099687038","https://openalex.org/W2100769891","https://openalex.org/W2105905583","https://openalex.org/W2110354007","https://openalex.org/W2111443034","https://openalex.org/W2123378338","https://openalex.org/W2154353836","https://openalex.org/W2241894587","https://openalex.org/W2282619713","https://openalex.org/W2294178079","https://openalex.org/W2483834655","https://openalex.org/W2523112045","https://openalex.org/W2596938093","https://openalex.org/W2604290765","https://openalex.org/W2747458887","https://openalex.org/W2789551723","https://openalex.org/W2803710860","https://openalex.org/W2811114379","https://openalex.org/W2883281521","https://openalex.org/W2913213964","https://openalex.org/W2915926188","https://openalex.org/W2974131254","https://openalex.org/W2979653692","https://openalex.org/W2993465864","https://openalex.org/W2995968471","https://openalex.org/W2999833270","https://openalex.org/W3008765974","https://openalex.org/W3020396832","https://openalex.org/W4241759504","https://openalex.org/W4244635056"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W3007931018","https://openalex.org/W3110195467","https://openalex.org/W3033823235","https://openalex.org/W2881093137","https://openalex.org/W4391128647","https://openalex.org/W2249919526","https://openalex.org/W2791968570","https://openalex.org/W1570633076","https://openalex.org/W3011535717"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,5,26,38,69,90,120,128,145,162,167],"past":[2],"few":[3],"years,":[4],"global":[6],"navigation":[7],"satellite":[8],"system":[9,48],"(GNSS)-based":[10],"passive":[11],"radar":[12],"(GBPR)":[13],"has":[14,21],"attracted":[15],"more":[16,18],"and":[17,20,54,92,103,153,157,164],"attention":[19],"developed":[22],"very":[23],"quickly.":[24],"However,":[25],"low":[27],"power":[28],"level":[29],"of":[30,40,68,144,166],"GNSS":[31],"signal":[32],"limits":[33],"its":[34,104],"application.":[35],"To":[36],"enhance":[37],"ability":[39],"moving":[41,132,168],"target":[42,133,169],"detection,":[43],"a":[44,55,78,99,131],"multi-static":[45],"GBPR":[46],"(MsGBPR)":[47],"is":[49,61,74,85,139,148,159],"considered":[50],"in":[51,119],"this":[52],"paper,":[53],"modified":[56,100],"iterated-corrector":[57],"multi-Bernoulli":[58],"(ICMB)":[59],"filter":[60,102],"also":[62,140],"proposed.":[63],"The":[64],"likelihood":[65],"ratio":[66,80],"model":[67],"MsGBPR":[70,137],"with":[71],"range-Doppler":[72],"map":[73,94],"first":[75],"presented.":[76,141],"Then,":[77],"signal-to-noise":[79],"(SNR)":[81],"online":[82],"estimation":[83],"method":[84,147],"proposed,":[86,111],"which":[87,112],"can":[88,113,170],"estimate":[89],"fluctuating":[91],"unknown":[93],"SNR":[95],"effectively.":[96],"After":[97],"that,":[98],"ICMB":[101],"sequential":[105],"Monte":[106],"Carlo":[107],"(SMC)":[108],"implementation":[109],"are":[110],"update":[114],"all":[115],"measurements":[116],"from":[117],"multi-transmitters":[118],"optimum":[121],"order":[122],"(ascending":[123],"order).":[124],"Moreover,":[125],"based":[126],"on":[127],"proposed":[129,146],"method,":[130],"detecting":[134],"framework":[135],"using":[136],"data":[138],"Finally,":[142],"performance":[143],"demonstrated":[149],"by":[150],"numerical":[151],"simulations":[152],"preliminary":[154],"experimental":[155],"results,":[156],"it":[158],"shown":[160],"that":[161],"position":[163],"velocity":[165],"be":[171],"estimated":[172],"accurately.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}