{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3094090975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203445","title":"Understanding Ku-Band Ocean Radar Backscatter at Low Incidence Angles under Weak to Severe Wind Conditions by Comparison of Measurements and Models","display_name":"Understanding Ku-Band Ocean Radar Backscatter at Low Incidence Angles under Weak to Severe Wind Conditions by Comparison of Measurements and Models","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3094090975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203445","mag":"3094090975"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12203445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203445","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/20/3445/pdf?version=1603353904","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/20/3445/pdf?version=1603353904","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053849835","display_name":"Qiushuang Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9185-3743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiushuang Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China","Oceanic Telemetry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oceanic Telemetry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072563820","display_name":"Chenqing Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8719-3615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chenqing Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China","Oceanic Telemetry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oceanic Telemetry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100436722","display_name":"Jie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2635-7783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China","First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China","Oceanic Telemetry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oceanic Telemetry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101508918","display_name":"Junmin Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3358-8245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junmin Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China","Oceanic Telemetry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oceanic Telemetry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072563820"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I59028903"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":0.4491,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61269135,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"20","first_page":"3445","last_page":"3445"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11483","display_name":"Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specular-reflection","display_name":"Specular reflection","score":0.7571873664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buoy","display_name":"Buoy","score":0.6932578086853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"Wind speed","score":0.6798667907714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backscatter","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","score":0.564278781414032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.546937108039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5044177770614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-band","display_name":"C band","score":0.4792911410331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4762199819087982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiometer","display_name":"Radiometer","score":0.45653969049453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-wave","display_name":"Wind wave","score":0.45397496223449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.43084412813186646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.4120374917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.35936594009399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.3527522683143616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3062674403190613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.28676748275756836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118381688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079524","display_name":"Specular reflection","level":2,"score":0.7571873664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779847632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30026","display_name":"Buoy","level":2,"score":0.6932578086853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.6798667907714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.564278781414032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.546937108039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5044177770614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63944557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27786604","display_name":"C band","level":2,"score":0.4792911410331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4762199819087982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120189094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850281","display_name":"Radiometer","level":2,"score":0.45653969049453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165082838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165848","display_name":"Wind wave","level":2,"score":0.45397496223449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.43084412813186646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.4120374917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.35936594009399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.3527522683143616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3062674403190613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.28676748275756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12203445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203445","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/20/3445/pdf?version=1603353904","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a73fdc31481444a5a53ac6628a15ddba","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a73fdc31481444a5a53ac6628a15ddba","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 20, p 3445 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/20/3445/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 20; Pages: 3445","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12203445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203445","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/20/3445/pdf?version=1603353904","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3746249810","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61931025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338426","display_name":"NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03crn0n59"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3094090975.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3094090975.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W61355104","https://openalex.org/W385663865","https://openalex.org/W1570381226","https://openalex.org/W1680919202","https://openalex.org/W1869709786","https://openalex.org/W1897514054","https://openalex.org/W1963834619","https://openalex.org/W1966708666","https://openalex.org/W1973452628","https://openalex.org/W1974172230","https://openalex.org/W1976813617","https://openalex.org/W1999936426","https://openalex.org/W2003792241","https://openalex.org/W2004719410","https://openalex.org/W2005169103","https://openalex.org/W2006088837","https://openalex.org/W2012392621","https://openalex.org/W2017530008","https://openalex.org/W2018739256","https://openalex.org/W2019813382","https://openalex.org/W2030002591","https://openalex.org/W2037574201","https://openalex.org/W2039026824","https://openalex.org/W2061419471","https://openalex.org/W2069035670","https://openalex.org/W2073298425","https://openalex.org/W2073380927","https://openalex.org/W2075828063","https://openalex.org/W2076975293","https://openalex.org/W2090645595","https://openalex.org/W2093761294","https://openalex.org/W2100807107","https://openalex.org/W2107129839","https://openalex.org/W2112588501","https://openalex.org/W2118878957","https://openalex.org/W2119193769","https://openalex.org/W2120123475","https://openalex.org/W2124926851","https://openalex.org/W2128574079","https://openalex.org/W2130174631","https://openalex.org/W2149802139","https://openalex.org/W2157902891","https://openalex.org/W2162804939","https://openalex.org/W2587765506","https://openalex.org/W2612168224","https://openalex.org/W2773137443","https://openalex.org/W2782414159","https://openalex.org/W2791989032","https://openalex.org/W2887692800","https://openalex.org/W2912290333","https://openalex.org/W2927264846","https://openalex.org/W6608049242","https://openalex.org/W6643579341","https://openalex.org/W6655451348","https://openalex.org/W6669470858","https://openalex.org/W6674139645","https://openalex.org/W6675084279","https://openalex.org/W6677859629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052519427","https://openalex.org/W3022429444","https://openalex.org/W2160001753","https://openalex.org/W2333273150","https://openalex.org/W2155757644","https://openalex.org/W1583770404","https://openalex.org/W2189505212","https://openalex.org/W2377820118","https://openalex.org/W3023827659","https://openalex.org/W2100507255"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,110,191],"rain-free":[1],"normalized":[2],"radar":[3],"cross-section":[4],"(NRCS)":[5],"measurements":[6],"from":[7,34],"the":[8,14,21,49,52,57,63,75,85,95,98,103,114,124,140,146,150,163,171,177,184,224,242],"Ku-band":[9,76],"precipitation":[10,23],"radars":[11],"(PRs)":[12],"aboard":[13],"tropical":[15],"rainfall":[16],"measuring":[17],"mission":[18],"(TRMM)":[19],"and":[20,42,62,65,71,102,149,231],"global":[22],"measurement":[24],"(GPM)":[25],"mission,":[26],"along":[27],"with":[28,170],"simultaneous":[29],"sea":[30],"surface":[31],"wind":[32,86,135,174,206,217,229],"truth":[33],"buoy":[35],"observations,":[36],"stepped-frequency":[37],"microwave":[38],"radiometer":[39],"(SFMR)":[40],"measurements,":[41],"H*Wind":[43],"analyses,":[44],"are":[45,108,165],"used":[46],"to":[47,73,154,228],"investigate":[48],"abilities":[50],"of":[51,82,89,97,105,126,137,179,186],"quasi-specular":[53,99,118,147,188,244],"scattering":[54,100,245],"models,":[55],"i.e.,":[56],"physical":[58],"optics":[59,68],"model":[60],"(PO)":[61],"classical":[64],"improved":[66],"geometrical":[67],"models":[69,164],"(GO":[70],"GO4),":[72],"reproduce":[74],"NRCS":[77,141,196,225],"at":[78,130,200],"low":[79,131],"incidence":[80,201,235],"angles":[81,202],"0\u201318\u00b0":[83],"over":[84],"speed":[87,175,207,218,230],"range":[88],"0\u201345":[90],"m/s.":[91],"On":[92],"this":[93],"basis,":[94],"limitations":[96],"theory":[101],"effects":[104],"wave":[106,151,180,192],"breaking":[107,152,181,193],"discussed.":[109],"results":[111],"show":[112],"that":[113],"return":[115],"caused":[116],"by":[117,123,145,241],"reflection":[119,189],"is":[120,142,159,197,226],"affected":[121],"significantly":[122],"presence":[125],"background":[127],"swell":[128],"waves":[129],"winds.":[132],"At":[133],"moderate":[134],"speeds":[136],"5\u201315":[138],"m/s,":[139,211],"still":[143],"dominated":[144],"reflection,":[148],"starts":[153],"work":[155],"but":[156],"its":[157],"contribution":[158],"very":[160],"small,":[161],"thus,":[162],"found":[166],"in":[167],"excellent":[168],"agreement":[169],"measurements.":[172],"With":[173],"increasing,":[176],"impact":[178,194],"increases,":[182],"whereas":[183],"role":[185],"standard":[187,243],"decreases.":[190],"on":[195,234],"first":[198],"visible":[199],"near":[203],"18\u00b0":[204],"as":[205],"exceeds":[208,219],"about":[209,220],"20":[210],"then":[212],"it":[213],"becomes":[214],"dominant":[215],"when":[216],"37":[221],"m/s":[222],"where":[223],"insensitive":[227],"depends":[232],"linearly":[233],"angle,":[236],"which":[237],"cannot":[238],"be":[239],"explained":[240],"theory.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2020-10-29T00:00:00"}