{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3093744738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203421","title":"Superpixel-Based Shallow Convolutional Neural Network (SSCNN) for Scanned Topographic Map Segmentation","display_name":"Superpixel-Based Shallow Convolutional Neural Network (SSCNN) for Scanned Topographic Map Segmentation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3093744738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203421","mag":"3093744738"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12203421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203421","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/20/3421/pdf?version=1603025512","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/20/3421/pdf?version=1603025512","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101676128","display_name":"Tiange Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9835-8200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiange Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007404362","display_name":"Qiguang Miao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2872-388X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiguang Miao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710126, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710126, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101431543","display_name":"Pengfei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8701-2669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Science and Technology School, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China","Information Science and Technology School, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Science and Technology School, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Science and Technology School, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100723207","display_name":"Shihui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3377-7209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shihui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007404362"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":0.3849,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59800089,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"20","first_page":"3421","last_page":"3421"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8027446866035461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.709041178226471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6904229521751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5759267210960388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5447595119476318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.4971480667591095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4762080907821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.41714024543762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3664741516113281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10286477208137512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.09076511859893799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07453456521034241}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8027446866035461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.709041178226471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6904229521751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5759267210960388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5447595119476318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4971480667591095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4762080907821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.41714024543762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3664741516113281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10286477208137512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.09076511859893799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07453456521034241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12203421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203421","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/20/3421/pdf?version=1603025512","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:80b4f175b20d421eab5cbd5305f83379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/80b4f175b20d421eab5cbd5305f83379","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 20, p 3421 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/20/3421/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12203421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203421","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/20/3421/pdf?version=1603025512","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2324311213","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u7279\u6027\u4e0e\u7279\u5f81\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\u53bb\u973e\u7b97\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61772396","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G289733718","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61802335","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5170413525","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61973250","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7659919671","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"F2018203096","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322163","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322163","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093744738.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3093744738.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164490827","https://openalex.org/W347142954","https://openalex.org/W1627216380","https://openalex.org/W1722606303","https://openalex.org/W1943880421","https://openalex.org/W1967536762","https://openalex.org/W1967598399","https://openalex.org/W1996777517","https://openalex.org/W1999478155","https://openalex.org/W2003060733","https://openalex.org/W2011153188","https://openalex.org/W2032937463","https://openalex.org/W2043633847","https://openalex.org/W2045899586","https://openalex.org/W2055611119","https://openalex.org/W2061402707","https://openalex.org/W2109268594","https://openalex.org/W2117349184","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2119531662","https://openalex.org/W2119823327","https://openalex.org/W2121947440","https://openalex.org/W2124260943","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2140000690","https://openalex.org/W2160803144","https://openalex.org/W2170289453","https://openalex.org/W2172859194","https://openalex.org/W2203674328","https://openalex.org/W2204126417","https://openalex.org/W2269085638","https://openalex.org/W2312198368","https://openalex.org/W2317688867","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2499847654","https://openalex.org/W2523754702","https://openalex.org/W2551577104","https://openalex.org/W2592849532","https://openalex.org/W2605910930","https://openalex.org/W2736151701","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W3015575917","https://openalex.org/W3131264965","https://openalex.org/W6606696455","https://openalex.org/W6677945368","https://openalex.org/W7046291625"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W972276598","https://openalex.org/W4246352526","https://openalex.org/W2107548121","https://openalex.org/W3041719871","https://openalex.org/W3096653763","https://openalex.org/W1498698740"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Motivated":[0],"by":[1],"applications":[2],"in":[3,85,137],"topographic":[4,18],"map":[5,19],"information":[6,38,158],"extraction,":[7],"our":[8,193],"goal":[9],"was":[10],"to":[11,30,45,81,126,218],"discover":[12],"a":[13,95,104],"practical":[14],"method":[15,141],"for":[16,97],"scanned":[17],"(STM)":[20],"segmentation.":[21],"We":[22],"present":[23],"an":[24,61,186],"advanced":[25],"guided":[26],"watershed":[27,57],"transform":[28],"(AGWT)":[29],"generate":[31],"superpixels":[32,53,102],"on":[33,55,65,69,74,93,101,192],"STM.":[34],"AGWT":[35],"utilizes":[36],"the":[37,56,120,128,155,165,200,203,207],"from":[39],"both":[40],"linear":[41],"and":[42,50,72,103,131,173,206],"area":[43],"elements":[44],"modify":[46],"detected":[47],"boundary":[48,70,75,86],"maps":[49],"sequentially":[51],"achieve":[52],"based":[54,100],"transform.":[58],"With":[59],"achieving":[60],"average":[62],"of":[63,142,159,168,190,202,211],"0.06":[64],"under-segmentation":[66],"error,":[67],"0.96":[68],"recall,":[71],"0.95":[73],"precision,":[76],"it":[77,216],"has":[78],"been":[79],"proven":[80],"have":[82],"strong":[83],"ability":[84],"adherence,":[87],"with":[88,149,164],"fewer":[89],"over-segmentation":[90],"issues.":[91],"Based":[92],"AGWT,":[94],"benchmark":[96],"STM":[98,194],"segmentation":[99,204],"shallow":[105],"convolutional":[106],"neural":[107],"network":[108],"(SCNN),":[109],"termed":[110],"SSCNN,":[111],"is":[112],"proposed.":[113],"There":[114],"are":[115,124],"several":[116],"notable":[117],"ideas":[118],"behind":[119],"proposed":[121],"approach.":[122],"Superpixels":[123],"employed":[125],"overcome":[127],"false":[129],"color":[130,132,157],"aliasing":[133],"problems":[134],"that":[135,183],"exist":[136],"STMs.":[138],"The":[139,180],"unification":[140],"random":[143],"selection":[144],"facilitates":[145],"sufficient":[146],"training":[147],"data":[148],"little":[150],"manual":[151],"labeling":[152],"while":[153],"keeping":[154],"potential":[156],"each":[160],"geographic":[161],"element.":[162],"Moreover,":[163],"small":[166],"number":[167],"parameters,":[169],"SCNN":[170],"can":[171],"accurately":[172],"efficiently":[174],"classify":[175],"those":[176],"unified":[177],"pixel":[178],"sequences.":[179],"experiments":[181],"show":[182,199],"SSCNN":[184],"achieves":[185],"overall":[187],"F1":[188],"score":[189],"0.73":[191],"testing":[195],"dataset.":[196],"They":[197],"also":[198],"quality":[201],"results":[205],"short":[208],"run":[209],"time":[210],"this":[212],"approach,":[213],"which":[214],"makes":[215],"applicable":[217],"full-size":[219],"maps.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
