{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3091817285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12193260","title":"Supervised Segmentation of Ultra-High-Density Drone Lidar for Large-Area Mapping of Individual Trees","display_name":"Supervised Segmentation of Ultra-High-Density Drone Lidar for Large-Area Mapping of Individual Trees","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3091817285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12193260","mag":"3091817285"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12193260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12193260","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/19/3260/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/19/3260/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067315947","display_name":"Martin Kr\u016f\u010dek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3137-2259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146818","display_name":"Landscape Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04gf11d56","country_code":"CZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56081889","display_name":"Mendel University in Brno","ror":"https://ror.org/058aeep47","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56081889"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin Kr\u016f\u010dek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest Ecology, The Silva Tarouca Research Institute, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic","Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3137-2259","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Ecology, The Silva Tarouca Research Institute, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56081889"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074895579","display_name":"Kamil Kr\u00e1l","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3848-2119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146818","display_name":"Landscape Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04gf11d56","country_code":"CZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146818"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamil Kr\u00e1l","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest Ecology, The Silva Tarouca Research Institute, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Ecology, The Silva Tarouca Research Institute, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146818"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063748029","display_name":"K. C. Cushman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3464-1151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"KC Cushman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3464-1151","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013782438","display_name":"Azim Missarov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9881-6531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146818","display_name":"Landscape Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04gf11d56","country_code":"CZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56081889","display_name":"Mendel University in Brno","ror":"https://ror.org/058aeep47","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56081889"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azim Missarov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest Ecology, The Silva Tarouca Research Institute, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic","Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Ecology, The Silva Tarouca Research Institute, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56081889"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004583571","display_name":"James R. Kellner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9861-4857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James R. Kellner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA","Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067315947"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146818","https://openalex.org/I56081889"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.5332,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88612122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"19","first_page":"3260","last_page":"3260"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.8355400562286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diameter-at-breast-height","display_name":"Diameter at breast height","score":0.6449713706970215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5453166961669922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.5133673548698425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5068953633308411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-inventory","display_name":"Forest inventory","score":0.45139169692993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4316047728061676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33784219622612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.27851563692092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.27527695894241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.23792991042137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.22043323516845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18219664692878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-management","display_name":"Forest management","score":0.17180639505386353}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.8355400562286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58330081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q973582","display_name":"Diameter at breast height","level":2,"score":0.6449713706970215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5453166961669922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.5133673548698425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5068953633308411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147103442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423188","display_name":"Forest inventory","level":3,"score":0.45139169692993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4316047728061676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33784219622612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.27851563692092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27527695894241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.23792991042137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.22043323516845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18219664692878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28631016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372561","display_name":"Forest management","level":2,"score":0.17180639505386353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12193260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12193260","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/19/3260/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:771ba1d3578d42a5a0e03ee221ca7544","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/771ba1d3578d42a5a0e03ee221ca7544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 19, p 3260 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/19/3260/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12193260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12193260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12193260","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/19/3260/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3546908784","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LTAUSA18200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321005","funder_display_name":"Ministerstvo \u0160kolstv\u00ed, Ml\u00e1de\u017ee a T\u011blov\u00fdchovy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306083","display_name":"Smithsonian Institution","ror":"https://ror.org/01pp8nd67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309070","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321005","display_name":"Ministerstvo \u0160kolstv\u00ed, Ml\u00e1de\u017ee a T\u011blov\u00fdchovy","ror":"https://ror.org/037n8p820"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3091817285.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3091817285.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1873494481","https://openalex.org/W1969517631","https://openalex.org/W2009622479","https://openalex.org/W2101059735","https://openalex.org/W2113748593","https://openalex.org/W2136245122","https://openalex.org/W2163853616","https://openalex.org/W2166079210","https://openalex.org/W2398864889","https://openalex.org/W2497923020","https://openalex.org/W2588973786","https://openalex.org/W2611090267","https://openalex.org/W2760677139","https://openalex.org/W2765920222","https://openalex.org/W2768000522","https://openalex.org/W2788190553","https://openalex.org/W2800636134","https://openalex.org/W2801259439","https://openalex.org/W2901042712","https://openalex.org/W2901497416","https://openalex.org/W2907127092","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2913226741","https://openalex.org/W2931168078","https://openalex.org/W2938456943","https://openalex.org/W2943149949","https://openalex.org/W2944108734","https://openalex.org/W2947521495","https://openalex.org/W2971872054","https://openalex.org/W3003509779","https://openalex.org/W3015302834","https://openalex.org/W3080944380"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229448053","https://openalex.org/W2059768187","https://openalex.org/W4247925126","https://openalex.org/W4312858960","https://openalex.org/W4386036939","https://openalex.org/W4327774218","https://openalex.org/W3201030488","https://openalex.org/W2244384984","https://openalex.org/W2149963083","https://openalex.org/W3024236969"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,21,165,219,258],"applied":[1],"a":[2,12,102,112,254],"supervised":[3],"individual-tree":[4],"segmentation":[5,100,269],"algorithm":[6],"to":[7,41,99,162,190,229,234,268,279,303,315],"ultra-high-density":[8],"drone":[9,142,291],"lidar":[10,143],"in":[11,16,160,172,177,185],"temperate":[13],"mountain":[14],"forest":[15],"the":[17,23,57,65,131,137,150,157,167,250,263,274,334],"southern":[18],"Czech":[19],"Republic.":[20],"compared":[22],"number":[24],"of":[25,56,64,72,78,96,108,126,169,217,249,262,271,338],"trees":[26,86,110,152,159,207,299],"correctly":[27,202],"segmented,":[28],"stem":[29,209],"diameter":[30],"at":[31],"breast":[32],"height":[33,37],"(DBH),":[34],"and":[35,44,70,91,104,121,136,144,153,175,180,205,210,223,273,331,336,340],"tree":[36],"from":[38,46,118,226,289],"drone-lidar":[39,58,119,227],"segmentations":[40,45,120,146,228],"field-inventory":[42],"measurements":[43,288],"terrestrial":[47],"laser":[48],"scanning":[49],"(TLS)":[50],"data":[51,246,306],"acquired":[52],"within":[53],"two":[54],"days":[55],"acquisition.":[59],"Our":[60,283],"analysis":[61,284],"detected":[62],"51%":[63],"stems":[66,73],">15":[67],"cm":[68,75],"DBH,":[69],"87%":[71],">50":[74],"DBH.":[76],"Errors":[77],"omission":[79],"were":[80,92],"much":[81],"more":[82],"common":[83],"for":[84,88,149,156,195,297],"smaller":[85],"than":[87],"larger":[89],"ones,":[90],"caused":[93],"by":[94],"removal":[95],"points":[97],"prior":[98],"using":[101,208,244,253],"low-intensity":[103],"morphological":[105],"filter.":[106],"Analysis":[107],"segmented":[109,235],"indicates":[111,285],"strong":[113],"linear":[114],"relationship":[115,128],"between":[116],"DBH":[117,148,155,224,280,295],"TLS":[122,145],"data.":[123,164],"The":[124,238],"slope":[125],"this":[127],"is":[129,133,139,188,247,266,277],"0.93,":[130],"intercept":[132],"4.28":[134],"cm,":[135],"r2":[138],"0.98.":[140],"However,":[141],"overestimated":[147],"smallest":[151],"underestimated":[154],"largest":[158],"comparison":[161],"field":[163,256,329],"evaluate":[166],"impact":[168],"random":[170,183],"error":[171,184],"point":[173,186],"locations":[174,187],"variation":[176],"footprint":[178],"size,":[179],"demonstrate":[181,259],"that":[182,260,286,300],"likely":[189],"cause":[191],"an":[192],"overestimation":[193],"bias":[194],"small-DBH":[196],"trees.":[197,237],"A":[198],"Random":[199],"Forest":[200],"classifier":[201],"identified":[203],"broadleaf":[204],"needleleaf":[206],"crown":[211],"geometric":[212],"properties":[213],"with":[214],"overall":[215],"accuracy":[216],"85.9%.":[218],"used":[220],"these":[221,245,322],"classifications":[222],"estimates":[225,296,323],"apply":[230],"allometric":[231],"scaling":[232],"equations":[233],"individual":[236,298],"stand-level":[239],"aboveground":[240],"biomass":[241],"(AGB)":[242],"estimate":[243],"76%":[248],"value":[251],"obtained":[252],"traditional":[255],"inventory.":[257],"71%":[261],"omitted":[264],"AGB":[265],"due":[267,278],"errors":[270],"omission,":[272],"remaining":[275],"29%":[276],"estimation":[281],"errors.":[282],"high-density":[287],"low-altitude":[290],"flight":[292],"can":[293,307],"produce":[294,316],"are":[301],"comparable":[302],"TLS.":[304],"These":[305],"be":[308],"collected":[309],"rapidly":[310],"throughout":[311],"areas":[312],"large":[313],"enough":[314],"landscape-scale":[317],"estimates.":[318],"With":[319],"additional":[320],"refinement,":[321],"could":[324,332],"augment":[325],"or":[326],"replace":[327],"manual":[328],"inventories,":[330],"support":[333],"calibration":[335],"validation":[337],"current":[339],"forthcoming":[341],"space":[342],"missions.":[343]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}