{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3081084433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172732","title":"Laboratory and UAV-Based Identification and Classification of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl, Bacterial Spot, and Target Spot Diseases in Tomato Utilizing Hyperspectral Imaging and Machine Learning","display_name":"Laboratory and UAV-Based Identification and Classification of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl, Bacterial Spot, and Target Spot Diseases in Tomato Utilizing Hyperspectral Imaging and Machine Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3081084433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172732","mag":"3081084433"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12172732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172732","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/17/2732/pdf?version=1598256212","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/17/2732/pdf?version=1598256212","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103012032","display_name":"Jaafar Abdulridha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126525","display_name":"Southwest Florida Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02ykxyy09","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaafar Abdulridha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 2685 FL-29, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 2685 FL-29, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126525","https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087678582","display_name":"Yiannis Ampatzidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3660-3298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126525","display_name":"Southwest Florida Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02ykxyy09","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yiannis Ampatzidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 2685 FL-29, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3660-3298","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 2685 FL-29, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126525","https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036454016","display_name":"Jawwad A. Qureshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9076-4079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126525","display_name":"Southwest Florida Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02ykxyy09","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jawwad Qureshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Entomology and Nematology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 2685 FL-29, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Entomology and Nematology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 2685 FL-29, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126525","https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015951406","display_name":"Pamela Roberts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0946-1252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126525","display_name":"Southwest Florida Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02ykxyy09","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pamela Roberts","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 2685 FL-29, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 2685 FL-29, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126525","https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087678582"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144","https://openalex.org/I4210126525"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":8.0396,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":108,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98108372,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"17","first_page":"2732","last_page":"2732"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.7798466682434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-curl","display_name":"Leaf curl","score":0.5965286493301392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.4549519419670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-spot","display_name":"Leaf spot","score":0.45295509696006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horticulture","display_name":"Horticulture","score":0.41360345482826233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop","display_name":"Crop","score":0.41269564628601074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.3867175281047821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3431125581264496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/veterinary-medicine","display_name":"Veterinary medicine","score":0.34194356203079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agronomy","display_name":"Agronomy","score":0.23728308081626892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1971169114112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.15765199065208435}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.7798466682434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778053290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428432","display_name":"Leaf curl","level":4,"score":0.5965286493301392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.4549519419670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780034373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508875","display_name":"Leaf spot","level":2,"score":0.45295509696006775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.41360345482826233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137580998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352","display_name":"Crop","level":2,"score":0.41269564628601074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3867175281047821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3431125581264496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42972112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170201","display_name":"Veterinary medicine","level":1,"score":0.34194356203079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.23728308081626892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1971169114112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.15765199065208435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109110057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1495434","display_name":"Plant virus","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12172732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172732","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/17/2732/pdf?version=1598256212","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d1a43268bfeb475cb31f789f4634fdfd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d1a43268bfeb475cb31f789f4634fdfd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 17, p 2732 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/17/2732/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 17; Pages: 2732","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12172732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172732","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/17/2732/pdf?version=1598256212","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4801015046","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AM190100XXXXG036","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3081084433.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1543750687","https://openalex.org/W1967756167","https://openalex.org/W1971070487","https://openalex.org/W1996379195","https://openalex.org/W2004675407","https://openalex.org/W2019610851","https://openalex.org/W2021409496","https://openalex.org/W2025967407","https://openalex.org/W2030233869","https://openalex.org/W2031126473","https://openalex.org/W2036003376","https://openalex.org/W2056352756","https://openalex.org/W2088223830","https://openalex.org/W2089441588","https://openalex.org/W2091226185","https://openalex.org/W2098188176","https://openalex.org/W2098247895","https://openalex.org/W2106403967","https://openalex.org/W2109219143","https://openalex.org/W2152465183","https://openalex.org/W2161815745","https://openalex.org/W2307457069","https://openalex.org/W2513429498","https://openalex.org/W2546316902","https://openalex.org/W2625892824","https://openalex.org/W2761176843","https://openalex.org/W2767370754","https://openalex.org/W2773108855","https://openalex.org/W2789107426","https://openalex.org/W2790333389","https://openalex.org/W2793166416","https://openalex.org/W2883840790","https://openalex.org/W2894743722","https://openalex.org/W2896292343","https://openalex.org/W2904063712","https://openalex.org/W2904441717","https://openalex.org/W2904509436","https://openalex.org/W2906082851","https://openalex.org/W2906494726","https://openalex.org/W2917901091","https://openalex.org/W2918676546","https://openalex.org/W2941748068","https://openalex.org/W2951898785","https://openalex.org/W2953990835","https://openalex.org/W2954187519","https://openalex.org/W2963992613","https://openalex.org/W2964043981","https://openalex.org/W2972528554","https://openalex.org/W2982589334","https://openalex.org/W2986144386","https://openalex.org/W2991429304","https://openalex.org/W3011520619","https://openalex.org/W3213429084","https://openalex.org/W6748581889"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W4230131218","https://openalex.org/W2404757046","https://openalex.org/W2044184146","https://openalex.org/W2070598848","https://openalex.org/W2019190440","https://openalex.org/W3034864990"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tomato":[0],"crops":[1],"are":[2],"susceptible":[3],"to":[4,36,65,101,126,258],"multiple":[5],"diseases,":[6],"several":[7],"of":[8,60,210],"which":[9],"may":[10],"be":[11],"present":[12],"during":[13],"the":[14,27,95,103,120,130,135,160,166,177,180,203,230,237,256],"same":[15],"season.":[16],"Therefore,":[17],"rapid":[18],"disease":[19],"identification":[20],"could":[21,224],"enhance":[22],"crop":[23],"management":[24],"consequently":[25],"increasing":[26],"yield.":[28],"In":[29,133],"this":[30],"study,":[31],"nondestructive":[32],"methods":[33],"were":[34,99,124,143,169,188,229,252],"developed":[35],"detect":[37],"diseases":[38,228,261],"that":[39,223],"affect":[40],"tomato":[41,52,61],"crops,":[42],"such":[43],"as":[44],"bacterial":[45],"spot":[46,49],"(BS),":[47],"target":[48],"(TS),":[50],"and":[51,63,79,94,106,119,128,140,157,163,172,185,192,196,213,218,236,248,254],"yellow":[53],"leaf":[54],"curl":[55],"(TYLC)":[56],"for":[57,146,149,190,194,215],"two":[58,73],"varieties":[59],"(susceptible":[62],"tolerant":[64],"TYLC":[66,158,197],"only)":[67],"by":[68],"using":[69,83,262],"hyperspectral":[70],"sensing":[71],"in":[72,81,159,176,202,245],"conditions:":[74],"a)":[75],"laboratory":[76,164,247],"(benchtop":[77],"scanning),":[78],"b)":[80],"field":[82,204],"an":[84],"unmanned":[85],"aerial":[86],"vehicle":[87],"(UAV-based).":[88],"The":[89,199,221,250],"stepwise":[90],"discriminant":[91],"analysis":[92],"(STDA)":[93],"radial":[96],"basis":[97],"function":[98],"applied":[100],"classify":[102,129],"infected":[104,186],"plants":[105,142,187],"distinguish":[107,127],"them":[108],"from":[109],"noninfected":[110],"or":[111],"healthy":[112,139,184],"(H)":[113],"plants.":[114,132],"Multiple":[115],"vegetation":[116,233,240],"indices":[117],"(VIs)":[118],"M":[121],"statistic":[122],"method":[123],"utilized":[125],"diseased":[131,141],"general,":[134],"classification":[136,167,181,200],"results":[137,201,251],"between":[138,183],"highly":[144],"accurate":[145],"all":[147],"diseases;":[148],"instance,":[150],"when":[151],"comparing":[152],"H":[153],"vs.":[154],"BS,":[155,191,216],"TS,":[156,217],"asymptomatic":[161],"stage":[162],"conditions,":[165],"rates":[168,182],"94%,":[170],"95%,":[171],"100%,":[173,214],"respectively.":[174,220],"Similarly,":[175],"symptomatic":[178],"stage,":[179],"98%":[189],"99\u2013100%":[193],"TS":[195],"diseases.":[198],"conditions":[205],"also":[206],"showed":[207],"high":[208],"values":[209],"98%,":[211],"96%,":[212],"TYLC,":[219],"VIs":[222],"best":[225],"identify":[226,259],"these":[227,260],"renormalized":[231],"difference":[232],"index":[234,241],"(RDVI),":[235],"modified":[238],"triangular":[239],"1":[242],"(MTVI":[243],"1)":[244],"both":[246],"field.":[249],"promising":[253],"suggest":[255],"possibility":[257],"remote":[263],"sensing.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T13:55:30.953635","created_date":"2020-09-01T00:00:00"}