{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3072469235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172697","title":"Prediction of Sea Surface Temperature in the China Seas Based on Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks","display_name":"Prediction of Sea Surface Temperature in the China Seas Based on Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3072469235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172697","mag":"3072469235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12172697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172697","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/17/2697/pdf?version=1597982528","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/17/2697/pdf?version=1597982528","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005580217","display_name":"Li Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9131-5929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9131-5929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100651027","display_name":"Lei Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9902-8035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113896","display_name":"Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026sv7t11","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113896"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China","Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China","Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9902-8035","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113896"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078316347","display_name":"Liqin Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9190-2944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liqin Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101794546","display_name":"Dongsheng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7084-9427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongsheng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering/Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100651027"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113896","https://openalex.org/I59028903"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":5.2334,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96057774,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"17","first_page":"2697","last_page":"2697"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-surface-temperature","display_name":"Sea surface temperature","score":0.781470537185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.6626724004745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.6336579918861389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6089127063751221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-spatial-pattern","display_name":"Common spatial pattern","score":0.5089325904846191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.44465214014053345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.4129487872123718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3294159471988678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.24203848838806152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.20919030904769897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.16391709446907043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15202879905700684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.10113683342933655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0993531346321106}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134097258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1507383","display_name":"Sea surface temperature","level":2,"score":0.781470537185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.6626724004745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.6336579918861389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6089127063751221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173727882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5153620","display_name":"Common spatial pattern","level":2,"score":0.5089325904846191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.44465214014053345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.4129487872123718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3294159471988678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24203848838806152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.20919030904769897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.16391709446907043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15202879905700684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.10113683342933655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0993531346321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12172697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172697","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/17/2697/pdf?version=1597982528","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:32527f6709e042f69a1a821114bff3cd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/32527f6709e042f69a1a821114bff3cd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 17, p 2697 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/17/2697/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12172697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 17; Pages: 2697","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12172697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172697","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/17/2697/pdf?version=1597982528","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4814790142","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GASI-02-PACIND-YGST2-03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338151","funder_display_name":"National Program on Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338151","display_name":"National Program on Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3072469235.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3072469235.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W123052694","https://openalex.org/W1625353252","https://openalex.org/W1806891645","https://openalex.org/W1978748543","https://openalex.org/W1985864871","https://openalex.org/W1993274386","https://openalex.org/W2005470575","https://openalex.org/W2008290113","https://openalex.org/W2026127878","https://openalex.org/W2036856405","https://openalex.org/W2043404469","https://openalex.org/W2062350618","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2078365413","https://openalex.org/W2087362643","https://openalex.org/W2097998348","https://openalex.org/W2111384893","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2154150059","https://openalex.org/W2462302850","https://openalex.org/W2497061952","https://openalex.org/W2584200484","https://openalex.org/W2619995677","https://openalex.org/W2624385633","https://openalex.org/W2744698497","https://openalex.org/W2746402972","https://openalex.org/W2751277946","https://openalex.org/W2752748710","https://openalex.org/W2753315109","https://openalex.org/W2778580105","https://openalex.org/W2787834236","https://openalex.org/W2789136174","https://openalex.org/W2795466254","https://openalex.org/W2800885793","https://openalex.org/W2890924921","https://openalex.org/W2891297595","https://openalex.org/W2921078054","https://openalex.org/W2944939222","https://openalex.org/W2964858211","https://openalex.org/W4388297464","https://openalex.org/W6674385629","https://openalex.org/W7009458810"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102148524","https://openalex.org/W42295635","https://openalex.org/W1973996291","https://openalex.org/W2330575325","https://openalex.org/W2314720829","https://openalex.org/W4388747848","https://openalex.org/W2163803519","https://openalex.org/W4386450701","https://openalex.org/W3157599680","https://openalex.org/W2907451022"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sea":[0],"surface":[1],"temperature":[2],"(SST)":[3],"in":[4,13,40,76,86,129,168,180],"the":[5,14,20,29,56,68,81,87,126,130,134,145,152,177,181,191,203,230,234,280,293,296],"China":[6,88],"Seas":[7],"has":[8],"shown":[9],"an":[10,239],"enhanced":[11],"response":[12],"accelerated":[15],"global":[16],"warming":[17],"period":[18],"and":[19,27,45,54,70,91,149,161,170,194,197,218,259,263,283,289],"hiatus":[21],"period,":[22],"causing":[23],"local":[24],"climate":[25],"changes":[26],"affecting":[28],"health":[30],"of":[31,59,72,83,133,185,229,295],"coastal":[32],"marine":[33],"ecological":[34],"systems.":[35],"Therefore,":[36],"SST":[37,60,77,84,114,131,146,188,193,196,265],"distribution":[38],"prediction":[39,93,115,248,281,297],"this":[41,99],"area,":[42,136],"especially":[43],"seasonal":[44],"yearly":[46],"predictions,":[47],"could":[48],"provide":[49],"information":[50,277],"to":[51,80,118,143,175],"help":[52],"understand":[53],"assess":[55],"future":[57],"consequences":[58],"changes.":[61],"The":[62,183,227,251,267],"past":[63],"few":[64],"years":[65],"have":[66],"witnessed":[67],"applications":[69],"achievements":[71],"neural":[73,108],"network":[74],"technology":[75],"prediction.":[78,266],"Due":[79],"diversity":[82],"features":[85,132],"Seas,":[89],"long-term":[90,262],"high-spatial-resolution":[92,264],"remains":[94],"a":[95,121,214,223,246],"crucial":[96],"challenge.":[97],"In":[98],"study,":[100],"we":[101,137],"adopted":[102],"long":[103],"short-term":[104],"memory":[105],"(LSTM)-based":[106],"deep":[107],"networks":[109],"for":[110,158,173,213,222,245],"12-month":[111,224,247],"lead":[112,216,225,249],"time":[113,217],"from":[116],"2015":[117],"2018":[119],"at":[120],"0.05\u00b0":[122],"spatial":[123],"resolution.":[124],"Considering":[125],"sub-regional":[127],"differences":[128],"study":[135,231],"applied":[138],"self-organizing":[139],"feature":[140],"maps":[141],"(SOM)":[142],"classify":[144],"data":[147,201],"first,":[148],"then":[150],"used":[151],"classification":[153],"results":[154,252],"as":[155,275],"additional":[156],"inputs":[157],"model":[159,256],"training":[160],"validation.":[162],"We":[163],"selected":[164],"nine":[165],"models":[166,285],"differing":[167],"structure":[169],"initial":[171],"parameters":[172,290],"ensemble":[174],"overcome":[176],"high":[178],"variance":[179],"output.":[182],"statistics":[184],"four":[186],"years\u2019":[187],"difference":[189],"between":[190],"predicted":[192],"Operational":[195],"Ice":[198],"Analysis":[199],"(OSTIA)":[200],"shows":[202,233],"average":[204],"root":[205],"mean":[206],"square":[207],"error":[208],"(RMSE)":[209],"is":[210,219,257],"0.5":[211],"\u00b0C":[212,221,244],"one-month":[215],"0.66":[220],"time.":[226,250],"southeast":[228],"area":[232],"highest":[235],"predictable":[236],"accuracy,":[237,282],"with":[238,286],"RMSE":[240],"less":[241],"than":[242],"0.4":[243],"indicate":[253],"that":[254,270],"our":[255],"feasible":[258],"provides":[260],"accurate":[261],"experiments":[268],"prove":[269],"introducing":[271],"appropriate":[272],"class":[273],"labels":[274],"auxiliary":[276],"can":[278,291],"improve":[279],"integrating":[284],"different":[287],"structures":[288],"increase":[292],"stability":[294],"results.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-04T07:58:01.006859","created_date":"2020-08-24T00:00:00"}