{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3044909451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142314","title":"Cloud Observation and Cloud Cover Calculation at Nighttime Using the Automatic Cloud Observation System (ACOS) Package","display_name":"Cloud Observation and Cloud Cover Calculation at Nighttime Using the Automatic Cloud Observation System (ACOS) Package","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3044909451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142314","mag":"3044909451"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12142314","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142314","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/14/2314/pdf?version=1595075354","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/14/2314/pdf?version=1595075354","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076358093","display_name":"Bu-Yo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6581-5011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155906","display_name":"National Institute of Meteorological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04m2hj141","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155906"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bu-Yo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Convergence Meteorological Research Department, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Seogwipo, Jeju 63568, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Convergence Meteorological Research Department, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Seogwipo, Jeju 63568, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155906"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073142212","display_name":"Joo Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4014-6093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155906","display_name":"National Institute of Meteorological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04m2hj141","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155906"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joo Wan Cha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Convergence Meteorological Research Department, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Seogwipo, Jeju 63568, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Convergence Meteorological Research Department, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Seogwipo, Jeju 63568, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155906"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076358093"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155906"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.0543,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87659709,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"14","first_page":"2314","last_page":"2314"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-cover","display_name":"Cloud cover","score":0.7048617005348206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zenith","display_name":"Zenith","score":0.6488983631134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.637017548084259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5895811319351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-zenith-angle","display_name":"Solar zenith angle","score":0.5795939564704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5278178453445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.511984646320343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.47512632608413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness","display_name":"Brightness","score":0.4676232933998108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observatory","display_name":"Observatory","score":0.4258192777633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.18996575474739075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1840808391571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1791086494922638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.15696752071380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.106596440076828}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206887242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830457","display_name":"Cloud cover","level":3,"score":0.7048617005348206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53970728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82806","display_name":"Zenith","level":2,"score":0.6488983631134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.637017548084259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5895811319351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776573159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7556691","display_name":"Solar zenith angle","level":2,"score":0.5795939564704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5278178453445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.511984646320343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.47512632608413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.4676232933998108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779919027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62832","display_name":"Observatory","level":2,"score":0.4258192777633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.18996575474739075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1840808391571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1791086494922638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.15696752071380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.106596440076828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12142314","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142314","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/14/2314/pdf?version=1595075354","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:15a09e79946a44e7853dea157f3d8c1d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/15a09e79946a44e7853dea157f3d8c1d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 14, p 2314 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/14/2314/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12142314","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 14; Pages: 2314","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12142314","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142314","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/14/2314/pdf?version=1595075354","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1429972576","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KMA2018-00222","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322036","funder_display_name":"Korea Meteorological Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322036","display_name":"Korea Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/04nrmrg07"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3044909451.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3044909451.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W199227546","https://openalex.org/W1538426889","https://openalex.org/W1614810685","https://openalex.org/W1916372737","https://openalex.org/W1967552125","https://openalex.org/W1976072205","https://openalex.org/W1977341822","https://openalex.org/W1987121260","https://openalex.org/W1988003228","https://openalex.org/W2001561561","https://openalex.org/W2011713758","https://openalex.org/W2021231805","https://openalex.org/W2028451171","https://openalex.org/W2040245781","https://openalex.org/W2062583931","https://openalex.org/W2072487187","https://openalex.org/W2075152505","https://openalex.org/W2077095720","https://openalex.org/W2102059996","https://openalex.org/W2119531715","https://openalex.org/W2129590225","https://openalex.org/W2133238365","https://openalex.org/W2140324463","https://openalex.org/W2142530961","https://openalex.org/W2147275317","https://openalex.org/W2148128681","https://openalex.org/W2159934032","https://openalex.org/W2166672562","https://openalex.org/W2193726682","https://openalex.org/W2253299037","https://openalex.org/W2323540493","https://openalex.org/W2367015726","https://openalex.org/W2615203385","https://openalex.org/W2714233616","https://openalex.org/W2783700392","https://openalex.org/W2802067996","https://openalex.org/W2912953525","https://openalex.org/W2941879824","https://openalex.org/W2956710655","https://openalex.org/W2963550242","https://openalex.org/W2963874955","https://openalex.org/W2971883762","https://openalex.org/W2981428446","https://openalex.org/W3101837785","https://openalex.org/W6675457328"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030197634","https://openalex.org/W2129468997","https://openalex.org/W1648600398","https://openalex.org/W2884884583","https://openalex.org/W4377992086","https://openalex.org/W2593271589","https://openalex.org/W2018798426","https://openalex.org/W2375218729","https://openalex.org/W2538360009","https://openalex.org/W2081080111"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"Automatic":[1],"Cloud":[2],"Observation":[3],"System":[4],"(ACOS)":[5],"and":[6,20,46,80,104,110,152,178],"cloud":[7,16,28,69,132,136,180],"cover":[8,17,29,70,137,181],"calculation":[9,22],"algorithm":[10],"were":[11,24,49],"developed":[12],"to":[13,62,66,99,129],"calculate":[14,130],"the":[15,21,27,52,68,82,86,91,100,107,116,120,131,166,176,185],"at":[18],"night,":[19],"results":[23],"compared":[25],"with":[26],"data":[30,59],"of":[31,38,71,115,141,149,156,165,187],"a":[32,139,153],"manned":[33],"observatory":[34],"(Daejeon":[35],"Regional":[36],"Office":[37],"Meteorology,":[39],"DROM)":[40],"that":[41,168,189],"records":[42],"human":[43],"observations.":[44],"Annual":[45],"seasonal":[47],"analyses":[48],"conducted":[50],"using":[51,106],"1900\u20130600":[53],"local":[54],"standard":[55],"time":[56],"(LST)":[57],"hourly":[58],"from":[60],"January":[61],"December":[63],"2019.":[64],"Prior":[65],"calculating":[67],"ACOS,":[72],"pre-processing":[73],"was":[74,96,125,182,196],"performed":[75],"by":[76,85],"removing":[77],"surrounding":[78],"obstacles":[79],"correcting":[81],"distortion":[83],"caused":[84],"fish-eye":[87],"lens.":[88],"In":[89],"addition,":[90],"red\u2013blue":[92],"ratio":[93],"(RBR)":[94],"threshold":[95],"determined,":[97],"according":[98],"image":[101],"characteristics":[102],"(RBR":[103],"luminance)":[105],"red,":[108],"green,":[109],"blue":[111],"(RGB)":[112],"brightness":[113],"value":[114],"area":[117],"in":[118],"which":[119],"solar":[121],"zenith":[122],"angle":[123],"(SZA)":[124],"less":[126,171,192],"than":[127,172,193],"80\u00b0,":[128],"cover.":[133],"The":[134,163],"calculated":[135,179],"exhibited":[138,169,190],"bias":[140],"\u22120.28":[142],"tenths,":[143,151],"root":[144],"mean":[145],"square":[146],"error":[147],"(RMSE)":[148],"1.78":[150],"correlation":[154],"coefficient":[155],"0.91":[157],"for":[158],"DROM":[159],"across":[160],"all":[161],"cases.":[162],"frequency":[164,186],"cases":[167,188],"differences":[170,191],"1":[173],"tenth":[174],"between":[175],"observed":[177],"46.82%,":[183],"while":[184],"2":[194],"tenths":[195],"87.79%.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2020-07-29T00:00:00"}
