{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3042617468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142223","title":"Automated SAR Image Thresholds for Water Mask Production in Alberta\u2019s Boreal Region","display_name":"Automated SAR Image Thresholds for Water Mask Production in Alberta\u2019s Boreal Region","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3042617468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142223","mag":"3042617468"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12142223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142223","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/14/2223/pdf?version=1594454700","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/14/2223/pdf?version=1594454700","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071481201","display_name":"Craig Mahoney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7764-0175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107949126","display_name":"University of Lethbridge","ror":"https://ror.org/044j76961","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107949126"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281635806","display_name":"Alberta Environment and Protected Areas","ror":"https://ror.org/0202cv241","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281635806"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Craig Mahoney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB T1H 3M4, Canada","Resource Stewardship Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, 200 5 Avenue S, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4L1, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB T1H 3M4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107949126"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Resource Stewardship Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, 200 5 Avenue S, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4L1, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281635806"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061974289","display_name":"Michael Merchant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2186-2438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293334821","display_name":"Ducks Unlimited Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04p45sn64","country_code":"CA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293334821","https://openalex.org/I4210107169"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Merchant","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Boreal Program, Ducks Unlimited Canada, 13370 78 Avenue, Surrey, BC V3W 0H6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Boreal Program, Ducks Unlimited Canada, 13370 78 Avenue, Surrey, BC V3W 0H6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293334821"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083181413","display_name":"Lyle Boychuk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293334821","display_name":"Ducks Unlimited Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04p45sn64","country_code":"CA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293334821","https://openalex.org/I4210107169"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lyle Boychuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prairie Region, Ducks Unlimited Canada, 1030 Winnipeg Street, Regina, SK S4R 8P8, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prairie Region, Ducks Unlimited Canada, 1030 Winnipeg Street, Regina, SK S4R 8P8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293334821"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082116235","display_name":"Chris Hopkinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3998-4778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107949126","display_name":"University of Lethbridge","ror":"https://ror.org/044j76961","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107949126"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Hopkinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB T1H 3M4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive W, Lethbridge, AB T1H 3M4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107949126"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062260588","display_name":"Brian Brisco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8439-362X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281735042","display_name":"Natural Resources Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/05hepy730","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Brisco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada, 560 Rochester Street, Ottawa, ON K1S 5K2, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8439-362X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada, 560 Rochester Street, Ottawa, ON K1S 5K2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071481201"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107949126","https://openalex.org/I1281635806"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2324},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2324},"fwci":1.4211,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81839747,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"14","first_page":"2223","last_page":"2223"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.7543940544128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7049733996391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5782911777496338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.5117706656455994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5100067853927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2390638291835785}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.7543940544128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7049733996391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5782911777496338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.5117706656455994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5100067853927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2390638291835785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12142223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142223","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/14/2223/pdf?version=1594454700","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dd2ec14067d44f0996906c574c6adba2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dd2ec14067d44f0996906c574c6adba2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 14, p 2223 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12142223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142223","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/14/2223/pdf?version=1594454700","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1705526408","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IT08294","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","funder_display_name":"Mitacs"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3405930702","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"E323726","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325651","funder_display_name":"Alberta Innovates"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","display_name":"Mitacs","ror":"https://ror.org/00cjrc276"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325651","display_name":"Alberta Innovates","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3042617468.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W284201036","https://openalex.org/W353855855","https://openalex.org/W1561157063","https://openalex.org/W1606999916","https://openalex.org/W1985166309","https://openalex.org/W2007333059","https://openalex.org/W2027091505","https://openalex.org/W2036159872","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2054690521","https://openalex.org/W2059682476","https://openalex.org/W2064995156","https://openalex.org/W2067197015","https://openalex.org/W2146249434","https://openalex.org/W2149960531","https://openalex.org/W2303623270","https://openalex.org/W2471657663","https://openalex.org/W2478944092","https://openalex.org/W2505820723","https://openalex.org/W2550337922","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W2747000343","https://openalex.org/W2774066238","https://openalex.org/W2789332389","https://openalex.org/W2900551463","https://openalex.org/W2909718936","https://openalex.org/W2913678469","https://openalex.org/W2944077903","https://openalex.org/W2945735632","https://openalex.org/W2973796075","https://openalex.org/W2988043136","https://openalex.org/W2990859939","https://openalex.org/W2991298551","https://openalex.org/W2999954220","https://openalex.org/W4231428465","https://openalex.org/W6611947416","https://openalex.org/W6633569601","https://openalex.org/W6646705199","https://openalex.org/W6729107774","https://openalex.org/W6732226717"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2801080295","https://openalex.org/W2502457263","https://openalex.org/W4322709807","https://openalex.org/W2901245944","https://openalex.org/W4377967113","https://openalex.org/W2078292672","https://openalex.org/W4252699458"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mapping":[0],"and":[1,23,33,65,79,103,109,140,145,167,173],"monitoring":[2],"surface":[3,156],"water":[4,49,85,157,171],"features":[5],"is":[6,16,30,59,151],"important":[7,135],"for":[8,36,76,155],"sustainably":[9],"managing":[10],"this":[11],"critical":[12],"natural":[13,22],"resource":[14],"that":[15,148],"in":[17,169],"decline":[18],"due":[19],"to":[20,47,54,83,101,123],"numerous":[21],"anthropogenic":[24],"pressures.":[25],"Satellite":[26],"Synthetic":[27,88],"Aperture":[28,89],"Radar":[29,90],"a":[31,73,81,94,152,162],"popular":[32],"inexpensive":[34],"solution":[35],"such":[37],"exercises":[38],"over":[39,67],"large":[40,68],"scales":[41],"through":[42],"the":[43,149],"application":[44],"of":[45],"thresholds":[46,144],"distinguish":[48],"from":[50,87,121],"non-water.":[51],"Despite":[52],"improvements":[53],"threshold":[55,57,82],"methods,":[56],"selection":[58],"traditionally":[60],"manual,":[61],"which":[62,131],"introduces":[63],"subjectivity":[64],"inconsistency":[66],"scales.":[69],"This":[70,159],"study":[71],"presents":[72],"novel":[74],"method":[75,98],"objectively":[77],"determining":[78],"applying":[80],"determine":[84],"masks":[86],"(SAR)":[91],"imagery":[92],"on":[93],"scene-by-scene":[95],"basis.":[96],"The":[97],"was":[99],"applied":[100],"Radarsat-2":[102,139],"simulated":[104],"Radarsat":[105,141],"Constellation":[106,142],"Mission":[107,143],"scenes,":[108],"validated":[110],"against":[111],"two":[112],"independent":[113],"validation":[114],"sources":[115],"with":[116],"high":[117],"accuracy":[118],"(Kappa":[119],"ranging":[120],"0.85":[122],"0.93).":[124],"Expectedly,":[125],"greatest":[126],"misclassification":[127],"occurs":[128],"near":[129],"shorelines,":[130],"are":[132],"often":[133],"ecologically":[134],"zones.":[136],"Comparisons":[137],"between":[138],"outputs":[146],"suggest":[147],"latter":[150],"capable":[153],"successor":[154],"applications.":[158],"work":[160],"represents":[161],"foundational":[163],"step":[164],"toward":[165],"objectivity":[166],"consistency":[168],"large-scale":[170],"mapping":[172],"monitoring.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}