{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3039417570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12132111","title":"Automatic Annotation of Hyperspectral Images and Spectral Signal Classification of People and Vehicles in Areas of Dense Vegetation with Deep Learning","display_name":"Automatic Annotation of Hyperspectral Images and Spectral Signal Classification of People and Vehicles in Areas of Dense Vegetation with Deep Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3039417570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12132111","mag":"3039417570"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12132111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12132111","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/13/2111/pdf?version=1594118068","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/13/2111/pdf?version=1594118068","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091794853","display_name":"\u00c1d\u00e1m Papp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4286-6828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132118926","display_name":"Austrian Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04knbh022","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Papp","raw_affiliation_strings":["AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016448613","display_name":"Julian Pegoraro","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132118926","display_name":"Austrian Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04knbh022","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Pegoraro","raw_affiliation_strings":["AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103144876","display_name":"Daniel Bauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9397-2883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132118926","display_name":"Austrian Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04knbh022","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Bauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003812629","display_name":"Philip Taupe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132118926","display_name":"Austrian Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04knbh022","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Philip Taupe","raw_affiliation_strings":["AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075768284","display_name":"Christoph Wiesmeyr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1292-6970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132118926","display_name":"Austrian Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04knbh022","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Wiesmeyr","raw_affiliation_strings":["AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046648989","display_name":"Andreas Kriechbaum-Zabini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132118926","display_name":"Austrian Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04knbh022","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Kriechbaum-Zabini","raw_affiliation_strings":["AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003812629"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.3387,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85746546,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"13","first_page":"2111","last_page":"2111"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.9197399616241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-signature","display_name":"Spectral signature","score":0.7294794917106628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7107710242271423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6693766117095947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6084305047988892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5623821020126343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4815252423286438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.46156802773475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45627468824386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.455412894487381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.17354696989059448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.9197399616241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176641082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2446767","display_name":"Spectral signature","level":2,"score":0.7294794917106628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7107710242271423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6693766117095947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6084305047988892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5623821020126343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4815252423286438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.46156802773475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45627468824386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.455412894487381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.17354696989059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12132111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12132111","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/13/2111/pdf?version=1594118068","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d722f5363a3b423793594749a66a9cb1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d722f5363a3b423793594749a66a9cb1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 13, p 2111 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/13/2111/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12132111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 13; Pages: 2111","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12132111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12132111","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/13/2111/pdf?version=1594118068","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6920085934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"787021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337664","funder_display_name":"H2020 Societal Challenges"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337664","display_name":"H2020 Societal Challenges","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1442930683","https://openalex.org/W1561249009","https://openalex.org/W1965061537","https://openalex.org/W2048976066","https://openalex.org/W2088313218","https://openalex.org/W2091397530","https://openalex.org/W2154876421","https://openalex.org/W2535437746","https://openalex.org/W2598873009","https://openalex.org/W2604409186","https://openalex.org/W2765366036","https://openalex.org/W2766754708","https://openalex.org/W2773589087","https://openalex.org/W2784301945","https://openalex.org/W2904957358","https://openalex.org/W2913510798","https://openalex.org/W2946644377","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W3046968546","https://openalex.org/W3121517425"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2738168532","https://openalex.org/W4367471608","https://openalex.org/W2037328426","https://openalex.org/W2054439167","https://openalex.org/W2889956472","https://openalex.org/W2012636591","https://openalex.org/W2044594927","https://openalex.org/W2791078257","https://openalex.org/W2539574252","https://openalex.org/W4244482010"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"recent":[1],"advances":[2],"in":[3,14,123,152],"image":[4,173],"and":[5,27,97,128,132,170],"video":[6],"processing,":[7],"the":[8,38,45,130,135],"detection":[9,51,183],"of":[10,16,40,70,79,116,168,187],"people":[11,96],"or":[12,47],"cars":[13],"areas":[15,124,186],"dense":[17,188],"vegetation":[18,127],"is":[19,147],"still":[20],"challenging":[21],"due":[22],"to":[23,90,94,176],"landscape,":[24],"illumination":[25,169],"changes":[26],"strong":[28],"occlusion.":[29],"In":[30],"this":[31,35],"paper,":[32],"we":[33,76,84,109],"address":[34],"problem":[36],"with":[37,81,125,149,158],"use":[39],"a":[41,49,58,68,86,92],"hyperspectral":[42,137,162],"camera\u2014installed":[43],"on":[44,53,67,105],"ground":[46],"possibly":[48],"drone\u2014and":[50],"based":[52,66,103],"spectral":[54,64,106,144],"signatures.":[55],"We":[56,118,141],"introduce":[57],"novel":[59],"automatic":[60],"method":[61,122],"for":[62,185],"annotating":[63],"signatures":[65],"combination":[69],"state-of-the-art":[71,159],"deep":[72,87],"learning":[73,88],"methods.":[74],"After":[75],"collected":[77],"millions":[78],"samples":[80],"our":[82,120],"method,":[83],"used":[85],"approach":[89],"train":[91],"classifier":[93],"detect":[95],"cars.":[98],"Our":[99],"results":[100],"show":[101],"that,":[102],"only":[104],"signature":[107,145],"classification,":[108],"can":[110],"achieve":[111],"an":[112],"Matthews":[113],"Correlation":[114],"Coefficient":[115],"0.83.":[117],"evaluate":[119],"classification":[121,146],"varying":[126],"discuss":[129],"limitations":[131],"constraints":[133],"that":[134,143],"current":[136],"imaging":[138,163],"technology":[139],"has.":[140],"conclude":[142],"possible":[148],"high":[150,165],"accuracy":[151],"uncontrolled":[153],"outdoor":[154],"environments.":[155],"Nevertheless,":[156],"even":[157],"compact":[160],"passive":[161],"technology,":[164],"dynamic":[166],"range":[167],"relatively":[171],"low":[172],"resolution":[174],"continue":[175],"pose":[177],"major":[178],"challenges":[179],"when":[180],"developing":[181],"object":[182],"algorithms":[184],"vegetation.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2020-07-10T00:00:00"}
