{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3038780866","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12132094","title":"Falling Mixed-Phase Ice Virga and their Liquid Parent Cloud Layers as Observed by Ground-Based Lidars","display_name":"Falling Mixed-Phase Ice Virga and their Liquid Parent Cloud Layers as Observed by Ground-Based Lidars","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3038780866","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12132094","mag":"3038780866"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12132094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12132094","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/13/2094/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/13/2094/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100348789","display_name":"Chong Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6972-108X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105990","display_name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/01gkn6j11","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chong Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430072, China","School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","State Observatory for Atmospheric Remote Sensing, Wuhan 430072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6972-108X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Observatory for Atmospheric Remote Sensing, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016757829","display_name":"Fan Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8368-5081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105990","display_name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/01gkn6j11","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fan Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430072, China","School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","State Observatory for Atmospheric Remote Sensing, Wuhan 430072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Observatory for Atmospheric Remote Sensing, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016757829"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210105990"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":2.3395,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89374357,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"13","first_page":"2094","last_page":"2094"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-crystals","display_name":"Ice crystals","score":0.768724799156189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.6706126928329468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depolarization-ratio","display_name":"Depolarization ratio","score":0.5878564715385437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supercooling","display_name":"Supercooling","score":0.5374036431312561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.45091044902801514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4032900631427765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.2198353111743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09871625900268555}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125388846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325808","display_name":"Ice crystals","level":2,"score":0.768724799156189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6706126928329468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779185125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191574","display_name":"Depolarization ratio","level":3,"score":0.5878564715385437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112964491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213659","display_name":"Supercooling","level":2,"score":0.5374036431312561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.45091044902801514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4032900631427765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.2198353111743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09871625900268555}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12132094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12132094","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/13/2094/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:40e1ef6daa354e039eb5a7024577d253","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/40e1ef6daa354e039eb5a7024577d253","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 13, p 2094 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/13/2094/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12132094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12132094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12132094","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/13/2094/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3454999556","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41927804","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310258","display_name":"University of Wyoming","ror":"https://ror.org/01485tq96"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3038780866.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3038780866.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483660436","https://openalex.org/W1570025454","https://openalex.org/W1571663278","https://openalex.org/W1613751551","https://openalex.org/W1633474379","https://openalex.org/W1669255424","https://openalex.org/W1918051004","https://openalex.org/W1982744822","https://openalex.org/W1986694497","https://openalex.org/W1988289926","https://openalex.org/W1991194202","https://openalex.org/W1993436181","https://openalex.org/W1999919409","https://openalex.org/W2007040778","https://openalex.org/W2012903065","https://openalex.org/W2017070381","https://openalex.org/W2019415560","https://openalex.org/W2028091784","https://openalex.org/W2029103771","https://openalex.org/W2040574312","https://openalex.org/W2040609398","https://openalex.org/W2040995848","https://openalex.org/W2043496753","https://openalex.org/W2059001516","https://openalex.org/W2061199171","https://openalex.org/W2069633418","https://openalex.org/W2079219991","https://openalex.org/W2079863426","https://openalex.org/W2087199341","https://openalex.org/W2101549461","https://openalex.org/W2103680334","https://openalex.org/W2105893968","https://openalex.org/W2134509629","https://openalex.org/W2136006067","https://openalex.org/W2149167691","https://openalex.org/W2151477402","https://openalex.org/W2163634041","https://openalex.org/W2170199279","https://openalex.org/W2180419514","https://openalex.org/W2327976111","https://openalex.org/W2511008135","https://openalex.org/W2514381825","https://openalex.org/W2550614314","https://openalex.org/W2587328645","https://openalex.org/W2604346057","https://openalex.org/W2763750973","https://openalex.org/W2767054476","https://openalex.org/W2803499560","https://openalex.org/W2806853263","https://openalex.org/W2889851161","https://openalex.org/W2961003734","https://openalex.org/W2979339756","https://openalex.org/W2998705484","https://openalex.org/W6666021883"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3017317562","https://openalex.org/W2080702410","https://openalex.org/W2160873586","https://openalex.org/W2024525333","https://openalex.org/W3033974681","https://openalex.org/W2886762456","https://openalex.org/W4389272098","https://openalex.org/W3102930834","https://openalex.org/W4389579111","https://openalex.org/W4389816832"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Falling":[0],"mixed-phase":[1,43],"virga":[2,44,119,139,171,191,218],"from":[3],"a":[4,56,72,95,111,126,151],"thin":[5,100],"supercooled":[6,134],"liquid":[7,47,52,135],"layer":[8],"cloud":[9,49,54,102],"base":[10,58,84,122],"were":[11,140,192],"observed":[12],"on":[13,107,195],"20":[14],"occasions":[15],"at":[16,24,242],"altitudes":[17,243],"of":[18,40,79,110,155,162,185,244],"2.3\u20139.4":[19],"km":[20],"with":[21,176,202,230],"ground-based":[22],"lidars":[23],"Wuhan":[25],"(30.5":[26],"\u00b0N,":[27],"114.4":[28],"\u00b0E),":[29],"China.":[30],"Polarization":[31],"lidar":[32,204],"profile":[33,70],"(3.75-m)":[34],"analysis":[35],"reveals":[36],"some":[37],"ubiquitous":[38],"features":[39],"both":[41,159],"falling":[42,118],"and":[45,67,166,205,226],"their":[46],"parent":[48,53,101],"layers.":[50],"Each":[51],"had":[55,71],"well-defined":[57],"height":[59,123],"where":[60],"the":[61,68,83,86,108,121,138,156,160,163,170,186,190,203,212],"backscatter":[62,164],"ratio":[63,88,129,165,168],"R":[64,69],"was":[65,209],"~7.0":[66],"clear":[73],"inflection":[74],"point.":[75],"At":[76],"an":[77,173,196],"altitude":[78],"~34":[80],"m":[81],"above":[82],"height,":[85,178],"depolarization":[87,128,157,167],"reached":[89],"its":[90],"minimum":[91],"value":[92,154,236],"(~0.04),":[93],"indicating":[94,179],"liquid-only":[96],"level":[97],"therein.":[98],"The":[99,117,183,233],"layers":[103],"tended":[104,220],"to":[105,221],"form":[106],"top":[109],"broad":[112],"preexisting":[113],"aerosol/liquid":[114],"water":[115],"layer.":[116],"below":[120],"showed":[124],"firstly":[125],"significant":[127],"increase,":[130],"suggesting":[131],"that":[132,211],"most":[133],"drops":[136],"in":[137,189,216],"rapidly":[141],"frozen":[142],"into":[143],"ice":[144,181,187,197,213],"crystals":[145,188],"(via":[146],"contact":[147],"freezing).":[148],"After":[149],"reaching":[150],"local":[152],"maximum":[153],"ratio,":[158],"values":[161],"for":[169],"exhibited":[172],"overall":[174],"decrease":[175],"decreasing":[177],"sublimated":[180],"crystals.":[182],"diameters":[184,225],"estimated":[193],"based":[194],"particle":[198],"sublimation":[199],"model":[200],"along":[201],"radiosonde":[206],"observations.":[207],"It":[208],"found":[210],"crystal":[214],"particles":[215],"these":[217],"cases":[219],"have":[222],"smaller":[223],"mean":[224,234],"narrower":[227],"size":[228],"distributions":[229],"increasing":[231],"altitude.":[232],"diameter":[235],"is":[237],"350":[238],"\u00b1":[239],"111":[240],"\u00b5m":[241],"4\u20138.5":[245],"km.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
